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《弟子规》英语版
《弟子规》，原名《训蒙文》，是清朝李毓秀所作的三言韵文、儿童行为规范读物，约作于康熙年间；后经贾存仁（一说贾有仁）修订改编，命名为《弟子规》。以下是小编整理的《弟子规》英语版，欢迎阅读。
《弟子规》英语版
Di Zi Gui
Standards for Being a Good Student and Child
CONTENTS
Introduction
Outline
Chapter 1: At Home, Be Dutiful to Your Parents
Chapter 2: Standards for a Younger Brother When Away from Home
Chapter 3: Be Cautious in Your Daily Life
Chapter 4: Be Trustworthy
Chapter 5: Love All Equally
Chapter 6: Be Close to and Learn from People of Virtue and Compassion
Chapter 7: After All the Above Are Accomplished, Study Further and Learn
Literature and Art to Improve Your Cultural and Spiritual Life?
INTRODUCTION
Many of you will probably wonder what this book is all about. What is in this book that made it so important in ancient China? Can it still be relevant today? If we teach this book today, what can it do for us and what kind of influence will it have on our present society??
Di Zi Gui, in English, means standards for being a good student and child. It is an ancient Chinese book handed down to us from ancient Chinese Saints and sages. The source for the outline of this book was selected from Analects of Confucius, Book 1, Chapter 6, where Confucius said: ¨A good student and child must first learn to be dutiful to his parents, and be respectful and loving to his siblings. Next he must be cautious with all people, matters and things in his daily life, and be a trustworthy person. He must believe in the teachings of the ancient saints and sages and put their teachings into practice. Then he must learn to love all equally and be close to and learn from people of virtue and compassion. Only after all the above duties have been accomplished, if he has the time and energy, he should then further study and learn literature and art to improve the quality of his cultural and spiritual life.〃
Since the main outline of this book is based on the teachings of Confucius, let us find out who he is. Confucius was a great Chinese scholar, teacher and educator. He was born in China about twenty-five hundred years ago, about the same time that Shakyamuni Buddha was born in India. Confucius deeply influenced Chinese culture, and this influence extends throughout the world even today. He believed that moral principles, virtues, and discipline should be the very first lessons to be taught to a child, and that a child needs to practice them daily. Unlike modern day parents who disapprove of physical punishment, ancient Chinese parents actually encouraged and thanked the teacher when their children were punished for misbehaving. It was most important to ancient Chinese parents that their children learned the moral principles and virtues first, before any other subject, because without moral principles and virtues as a foundation, the learning of all other subjects would be futile.
The sequence of ancient Chinese educational system based on the Confucian teachings is as follows: First a child learns the subject on Virtues, after which he studies Language, then Methods in Dealing with People, Matters and Things, and lastly Literature and Art. We need to understand that Confucius and Shakyamuni Buddha shared almost the same principles and teaching methods. They both taught us that being dutiful to oneˇs parents and being respectful to oneˇs teachers are the basis of a personˇs good virtues. If we can appreciate the fact that the study of Virtues was a childˇs first subject in school, then we will realize how important it was for a child to be dutiful to his or her parents at home.
If you ask a student who follows Confucian teachings whether he or she can explain in a short sentence what Confucian teachings are all about, the student will tell you this: The principles of Confucian teachings make it a personˇs duty to strive to be fully enlightened, to practice universal love and to be a perfectly good person. This is the summation of Confucian beliefs. For a person to practice universal love, he or she must begin at home, and learn to be a dutiful child and a loving sibling. If you ask a follower of Shakyamuni Buddha whether he or she can explain Buddhaˇs teachings in one sentence, you will get the following reply: Shakyamuni Buddhaˇs forty-nine years of teaching never deviated from the principle that a person has to be dutiful to his or her parents, and be respectful and be of service to his or her teachers. This person must be all loving and must not kill any living beings. He or she must be a fervent practitioner of the ten good conducts. Therefore, both Confucius and Shakyamuni Buddha shared the same beliefs and felt that following these principles are our only duties here on earth.
The important duties stated in Analects of Confucius were used as chapters in this book. Altogether there are seven chapters, with each chapter listing one duty. They are presented in sequence according to the ancient Chinese educational system. The original text written in classical Chinese is in the form of verses that can be easily recited and memorized by young Chinese students.
The contents of this book were actually compiled and edited over a period stretching thousand of years; it contains the recommended standards of being a good student and child. The outline starts out by telling us that those standards were taught by Confucius, Mencius and all the past Chinese saints and sages. They all agreed that those duties are the very basic disciplines a child should learn and practice every day while still young. Even though they seem stringent by todayˇs standards, it is apparent that the people of that time felt it was important that the child should be well disciplined and taught moral principles and virtues at an early age. They felt that without strict discipline and moral standards, a child would amount to nothing. Without knowing what it meant to be dutiful to oneˇs teachers, a child would grow up not listening to or respecting anyone. Such a child would become a person without virtues. At that time, ¨a person without virtue〃 was not qualified to serve in the imperial court, thereby depriving that person the opportunity to serve his country and his people.
Ironically today, the educational system is just the opposite. Many parents listen to the child instead of the other way around. Additionally, teachers are afraid to teach and discipline children because they are fearful of violating the childrenˇs legal rights, or even being sued by the parents. Currently, we live in a world where the relationships between people, between people and their environment, between parents and children, between husbands and wives, and between employers and employees are disintegrating. Parents no longer act like parents. Children do not act like children. Without proper education our minds become polluted and our family system disintegrates, as evidenced by an ever-increasing divorce rate. Soon planet Earth will no longer be fit for us to live on. Many of us are fearful for our futures and the futures of our children. We hope that by reintroducing this book, it will provide guidance for parents and children. In this way, future generations will benefit from it and our world and society at large will be more at peace, and we will all have a better place to live.
As mentioned before, Confucius said: ¨A good student and child must first learn to be dutiful to his parents, and also be respectful and loving to his siblings.〃 In accord with the ancient Chinese educational system, this book starts by teaching us how to be a good dutiful child when we are at home, and how to be a respectful and loving sibling when we are away from home, including how to be respectful to our elders. Therefore, these two duties are the headings for the first two chapters. The first chapter is on ¨Xiao,〃 which is a Chinese word that means being dutiful to oneˇs parents. All the ancient saints and sages thought ¨Xiao〃 was the most important duty in a personˇs life. This chapter teaches children the proper conduct on how to talk to and behave in front of parents, and what their correct attitudes and manners should be.
The second chapter states the principle and standard of conduct for the younger sibling towards the older sibling when the younger siblings are away from home. In Chinese, the word ¨Ti,〃 which means sincere fraternal love, describes the love between siblings. In Buddhism, its meaning extends further to include conduct towards all persons who are older and as the same generation as ourselves. This chapter then further expands this concept towards our elders. It teaches us how to show respect to the elders and what our correct attitudes and manners should be.
Even though in this book there is no separate chapter on the standard of conduct towards our teachers, it is understood that all the principles and standards taught in this book should also be applied to our teachers.
The third chapter teaches us how we should be cautious in whatever we do daily, whether we are interacting with people, matters or things. The fourth chapter teaches us how to be a trustworthy person. It teaches us that we need to be cautious in the language we use, in our behavior, and in our thoughts. We must also believe in the teachings of the saints and sages. A saint is a person who truly and thoroughly understands the facts about life, and about this universe. In China we call them saints. In India, people call them Buddhas. In western culture people call him God. Actually we are all talking about the same thing. All their teachings come from hearts that were true and pure. They have all seen the truth and this truth will never change with time. Therefore, no matter who they are as long as they are saints, Buddhas or God, they speak the same truth and if it is the truth, then their messages are the same.
The fifth chapter tells us that a person must love all equally. The love it talks about is universal love, not worldly love. It teaches us that as human beings we should have compassion for all people. To be a person of compassion, we must first start by being filial children: respecting our parents and by loving our siblings. Then we should learn how to expand this love and respect to include all who are parents and siblings. Eventually we will learn to love all people equally.
The sixth chapter teaches us to be close to and learn from people of virtue and compassion. There is an old Chinese saying that a person with virtue and compassion has no enemies. ¨Xiao〃 and ¨Ti〃 have been the very foundation of Chinese culture for five thousand years. Those two qualities separate a person from an animal. ¨Xiao〃 and ¨Ti〃 are the minimum requirements for being a human, while compassion and virtue are the highest standards set by Confucius for being a human. For us to reach the highest standards, we must first fulfill our duties to our parents. But where can we find these people who are truly compassionate and virtuous so that we can be close to them and learn from them? The world today is in great turmoil. It would be a difficult task if not impossible to find even one person. If we cannot find that person, the next best thing is to follow the teachings of saints and sages from the past and learn from them. If we belong to a religious group, we can always follow the teachings of our religion. We can select from any one of the groups just mentioned and just follow the respective teachings to be our guide in this life.
The seventh chapter tells us that after we have accomplished all the above duties, we should further study literature and art to improve our cultural and spiritual life. Confucius set a standard for us as to what kind of books we should read and what kind of books we should avoid. The kind of books we should read had to have a positive effect on us. Any book that causes a negative impact should always be avoided. Confucius expected every one of his students to be a balanced person, whose inner qualities, like a personˇs virtues and integrity, had to match that of outside, which were developed from the study of literature and art. Only then will this person become a truly refined person, with integrity and a noble character.
According to Shakyamuni Buddha, we are currently living in the Dharma Ending Age. In this period, people will be constantly fighting each other. Today, endless conflicts are taking place everyday. Our current society is the result of our educational system, which has already been proven to be a great failure. The educational system of today only promotes teachings that lead our young people to a world of competition, which will eventually turn them into hell-beings, hungry ghosts and animals. When we lose our moral standards, and search instead for money and fame, we leave the world of humans and heavenly beings, and degenerate into a lower form of being. Therefore, education that is based on moral principles is extremely important for our world today. This is the only way we can help our young discover their true self-nature, which is supposed to be all knowing and virtuous. All the ancient saints and sages recommended that the first step we must take is to start communicating and working with family members at home. That is why both Confucius and Shakyamuni Buddha said: ¨Our virtues are based and build on the foundation of being dutiful children to our parents.〃 This book, Di Zi Gui, helps our children put the teachings of the ancient saints and sages into actual practice, and that is why this book is so important for our educational system today. It is definitely still relevant today, actually even more so.
Finally we must add a note here to help us understand these standards. Those standards were used in ancient China, at a time when the society was centered on the male, and when only the male child was allowed to enter a school. Therefore, all the pronouns used in the translation are of the male gender. For todayˇs society, it applies to all children, both male and female.
Di Zi Gui
Standards for Being a Good Students and Child
OUTLINE
¨Standards for Being a Good Student and Child〃 [1]
was taught by Chinese saints and sages of the ancient past.
First, it teaches you how to be dutiful to your parents, and how to be respectful and loving to your siblings.[2]
Then it teaches you how to be cautious with all people, matters, and things in your daily life, and how to be a trustworthy person, and to believe in the teachings of the ancient saints and sages.[3]
Furthermore, it teaches you to love all equally, and to be close to and learn from people of virtue and compassion.
When you have accomplished all the above duties, you can study further and learn literature and art to improve the quality of your cultural and spiritual life.
Chapter 1: At home, Be Dutiful to Your Parents
?When your parents call you, answer them right away. When they command you to do something, do it quickly. When your parents instruct you, listen respectfully. When your parents reproach you, obey and accept their scolding; try hard to change and improve yourself and start anew. In the winter, keep your parents warm; in the summer, keep your parents cool. Greet them in the morning to show them that you care. At night be sure that they rest well. Before going out, tell your parents where you are going, for parents are always concerned about their children. After returning home, go and see your parents to let them know you are back, so they do not worry about you. Have a permanent place to stay and lead a routine life. Persist in whatever you do and do not change your aspirations at will.
Although a matter may be considered trivial, but if it is wrong to do it or unfair to the other person, do not do it thinking it will bear little or no consequence. [4] If you do, you are not being a dutiful child because parents do not want to see their child doing things that are irrational or illegal. Even though an object may be small, do not hoard it. If you do, your parents will be heartbroken.[5] If whatever pleases your parents is fair and reasonable, try your best to get it for them.[6]Should something displease your parents, if within reason,[7] cautiously keep it away from them.
When your body is hurt, your parents will be worried. If your virtues[8] are compromised, your parents will feel ashamed. When you have loving parents, it is not difficult to be a dutiful child. But if you are still dutiful to parents who hate you, only then will it meet the standards of the saints and sages for being a dutiful child.
When your parents do wrong, urge them to change. Do it with a kind facial expression_ and a warm gentle voice. If they do not accept your advice, wait until they are in a happier mood before you dissuade them again, followed by crying to make them understand why. If they end up whipping you,[9] do not hold a grudge against them.
When your parents are ill, taste the medicine first before giving it to them.[10] Take care of them night and day; do not leave their bedside. During the first three years of mourning after they passed away, remember them with gratitude and feel sad often for not being able to repay them for their kindness in raising you. During this period you should arrange your home to reflect your grief and sorrow. Avoid festivities and indulgence in food and alcoholic drinks.
Observe the proper etiquette[11] in arranging their funerals. Hold the memorial ceremony and commemorate their anniversaries with your utmost sincerity. Serve your departed parents as if they were still alive.[12]?
Chapter 2: Standards for a Younger Brother When Away from Home
Older siblings should befriend the younger ones, younger siblings should respect and love the older ones. Siblings who keep harmonious relationships among themselves are being dutiful to their parents.[13]
When siblings value their ties more than property and belongings, no resentment will grow among them. When siblings are careful with words and hold back hurtful comments, feelings of anger naturally die out. Whether you are drinking, eating, walking, or sitting, let the elders go first; younger ones should follow. When an elder is asking for someone, get that person for him right away. If you cannot find that person, immediately report back, and put yourself at he elderˇs service instead.
When you address an elder, do not call him by his given name.[14] This is in accord with ancient Chinese etiquette. In front of an elder, do not show off. If you meet an elder you know on the street, promptly clasp your hands and greet him with a bow. If he does not speak to you, step back and respectfully stand aside. Should you be riding on a horse and you spot an elder you know walking[15], you should dismount and pay respect to the elder. If you are riding in a carriage,[16]you should stop, get out of the carriage, and ask if you can give him a ride. If you meet an elder passing by, you should stand aside and wait respectfully; do not leave until you can no longer see him.
When an elder is standing, do not sit. After an elder sits down, sit only when you are told to do so. Before an elder, speak softly. But if your voice is too low and hard to hear, it is not appropriate. When meeting an elder, walk briskly towards him; when leaving, do not exit in haste. When answering a question, look at the person who is asking you the question.
Serve your uncles as if you are serving your parents; [17]Treat your cousins as if they are your own siblings.[18]?
Chapter 3: Be Cautious in Your Daily Life
Get up in the morning before your parents; at night, go to bed only after they have gone to sleep. When you realize that time is passing you by and cannot be turned back, and that you are getting older year by year, you will especially treasure the present moment.[19] When you get up in the morning, wash your face and brush your teeth. After using the toilet, always wash your hands. You must wear your hat straight,[20] and make sure the hooks[21] of your clothes are tied. Make sure socks and shoes are worn neatly and correctly. Place your hat and clothes away in their proper places. Do not carelessly throw your clothes around, for that will get them dirty.
It is more important that your clothes are clean, rather than how extravagant they are. When with an elder or people of importance, wear what is suitable for your station. At home, wear clothes according to your family traditions and customs. When it comes to eating and drinking, do not pick and choose your food. Eat only the right amount; do not over eat. You are still too young, do not drink alcohol. When you are drunk, your behavior will turn ugly.
Walk composed, with light and even steps. Stand up straight and tall. Your bows should be deep, with hands held in front and arms rounded. Always pay your respect with reverence.[22]
Do not step on doorsills. Do not stand leaning on one leg. Do not sit with your legs apart or sprawled out. Do not rock the lower part of your body while sitting down.
Lift the curtain slowly, do not make a sound. Leave yourself room when you turn to make sure you do not bump into a corner.
Hold carefully empty containers as if they were full.[24] Enter empty rooms as if they were occupied.[25] Avoid doing things in a hurry, as doing things in haste will lead to many mistakes. Do not be afraid of difficult tasks, but do not become careless when a job is too easy. Keep away from rowdy places, and do not ask about things that are abnormal or unusual. When you are about to enter a main entrance, ask if someone is inside. Before entering a room, make yourself heard, so that those inside know someone is approaching. If someone asks who you are, give your name. To answer ¨It is me〃 or ¨Me〃 is not clear. Before borrowing things from others, you must ask for permission. If you do not ask, it is stealing. When borrowing things from others, return them promptly. Later on, when you have an urgent need, you will not have a problem borrowing from them again.
Chapter 4: Be Trustworthy
When you speak, honesty is important. Deceitful words and lies are not allowed. Rather than talking too much, it is better to speak less. Speak the truth, do not twist the facts. Cunning words, foul language, and bad habits must be avoided at all costs.
What you have not seen with your own eyes, do not readily tell to others. What you do not know for sure, do not readily pass on to others. When asked to do something that is inappropriate or bad, do not promise lightly.
If you do, you will be wrong either way. When speaking, make the words clear and to the point. Do not talk too fast or mumble.
Some like to talk about the good points of others, while some like to talk about the faults of others. If it is none of your business, do not get involved.
When you see others do good deeds, think about following their example. Even though your own achievements are still far behind those of others, you are getting closer. When you see others do wrong, immediately reflect upon yourself. If you have made the same mistake, correct it. If not, be extra cautious not to make the same mistake.
When your morals, conduct, knowledge, and skills are not as good as others, you should encourage yourself to be better. If the clothes you wear, and the food you eat and drink are not as good as others, do not be ashamed.
If criticism makes you angry and compliments make you happy, bad company will come your way and good friends will shy away. If you are uneasy about compliments and appreciative of criticism, sincere and understanding virtuous people will gradually be close to you.
If your mistake is not done on purpose, it is only an error. If it is done on purpose, it is evil. If you correct your mistake and do not repeat it, you no longer have the mistake. If you try to cover it up, you will be doubly wrong.
Chapter 5: Love All Equally
Human Beings, regardless of nationality, race, or religion-everyone- should be loved equally. We are all sheltered by the same sky and we all live on the same planet Earth.
A person of high ideals and morals is highly respected. What people value is not based on outside appearance. A personˇs outstanding ability will naturally honor him with a good reputation. Admiration from others does not come from boasting or praising oneself. If you are a very capable person, use your abilities for the benefit of others. Other peopleˇs competence should not be slandered. Do not flatter the rich, or despise the poor. Do not ignore old friends, and take delight in new ones. When a person is busy, do not bother him with matters. When a personˇs mind is not at peace, do not bother him with words.
If a person has a shortcoming, do not expose it. If a person has a secret, do not tell others. Praising the goodness of others is a good deed in itself. When people approve of and praise you, you should feel encouraged and try even harder.
Spreading rumors about the wrongdoings of others is a wrongdoing in itself. When the harm done has reached the extreme, misfortunes will surely follow. When encouraging each other to do good, the virtues of both are built up. If you do not tell others of their faults, you will both be wrong. Whether you take or give, you need to know the difference between the two. It is better to give more and take less. What you ask others to do, first ask yourself if you will do it. If it is not something you will do, ask not others to do it. You must repay the kindness of others and let go of your resentments. Spend less time holding grudges and more time paying back the kindness of others.
When you are directing maids and servants, you should be respectable and dignified. Even though you are respectable and dignified, treat them kindly and generously. If you use your influence to make them submissive, their hearts will never be with you. If you can convince them with sound reasoning, they will then have nothing more to say.
Chapter 6: Be Close to and Learn from People of Virtue and Compassion
We are all human, but we are not the same. Most of us are ordinary; only a very few have great virtues and high moral principles. A truly virtuous person is greatly respected by others. He will not be afraid to speak the truth and he will not fawn on others. If you are close to and learn from people of great virtue and compassion, you will benefit immensely. Your virtues will grow daily and your wrongdoings will lessen day by day. If you are not close to and learn from people of great virtue, you will suffer a great loss. People without virtue will get close to you and nothing you do will succeed.
Chapter 7: After All the Above Are Accomplished, Study Further and Learn Literature and Art to Improve Your Cultural and Spiritual Life
If you so not actively make use of what you have learned, but continue to study on the surface, your knowledge is increasing but it is only superficial. What kind of person will you be? If you do apply your knowledge diligently, but stop studying, you will only do things based on your own opinion, thinking it is correct. In fact, what you know is not the truth.
There are methods to study correctly. They involve concentration in three areas: your mind, your eyes, and your mouth. To believe in what you read is equally important. When you begin to read a book, do not think about another. If you have not completed the book, do not start another. Give yourself lots of time to study, and study hard. Given time and effort,[26] you will thoroughly understand. If you have a question, make a note of it. Ask the person who has the knowledge for the right answer.
Keep your room neat, your walls uncluttered and clean, your desk tidy and your brush[27] and inkstone[28] properly placed. If your ink block[29] is ground unevenly, it shows you have a poor state of mind.
When words are written carelessly, showing no respect, it shows your state of mind has not been well. The books[30] should be classified, placed on the book shelves, and in their proper places. After you finish reading a book, put it back in its right place. Even though you are in a hurry neatly roll up and bind the open bamboo scroll you were reading. Any missing or damaged pages are to be repaired. If it is not a book on the teachings of the saints and sages, it should be discarded and not even be looked at. These other books can block your intelligence and wisdom, and will undermine your aspiration and sense of direction.
Neither be harsh on yourself, nor give up on yourself.
To be a person of high ideals, moral standards and virtue is something we can all attain in time.
[1] Select from Analects of Confucius, Book⒐, Chapter 6. It was taught by Confucius, Mencius, and other Chinese saints and sages of the ancient past.
[2] ¨Xiao〃 and ¨Ti〃 have been the very foundation of Chinese culture for five thousand years. Xiao ¨У〃 means to be dutiful to oneˇs parents with affection, and to understand the basic relationship of grandparents, parents and self. In ideogram form, xiao has two components- the top part of xiao is the top portion of the word elder ¨ρ〃 and the bottom part is the word son ¨?.〃 Combined, it implies that the older generation and the younger generation are one: that there should be no gap between them. In Buddhism, the meaning is further extended. Outside the family, the child should treat every male and female of the parentsˇ generation as if they were the childˇs own father and mother. Ti¨?〃 means sincere fraternal love. Here it is used more as the principle and standard of conduct of the younger brother towards his older brother when the younger brother is away from home. In Buddhism, its meaning also extends further to include conduct towards all older persons of any one generation.
[3] 〃To believe in the teachings of the ancient saints and sages〃 means to actually practice and put the teachings of the ancient saints and sages into effect.
[4] For example, in Buddhism, it is considered breaking the precept of not stealing if you borrow a piece of paper or take someoneˇs pen without permission. It is considered breaking the precept of not killing if you kill an ant or mosquito. If you lie or talk about someone behind his back, you have broken the precept of not lying, etc.
[5] Your parents will be saddened by your actions, because if their child behaves in such a way when he is still young, then he will probably twist the law in order to obtain bribes and be a curse to his country and his people when he grows up.
[6] If what pleases your parents is illegitimate or unreasonable, you should tactfully dissuade your parents, and tell them the reasons why they should not have it.
[7] You should lead your parents to proper views and understanding of things.
[8] Virtues are standards and principles of one’s conduct. In China a man’s conduct is ruled by “Wu Chang” 五常and “Ba De”八德. “Wu Chang” are the five moral principles: kindheartedness 仁, personal loyalty義, proper etiquette 禮, wisdom智, and trustworthiness信. “Ba De” are the eight virtues: duty to parents 孝, respect for elders悌, loyalty忠, credibility信, proper etiquette禮, personal loyalty義, a sense of honor廉, and a sense of shame恥.
[9] In ancient China, when a child did not obey the parents, the parents were allowed to discipline the child. If a child refused to be disciplined, the parents had the right to ask the authorities to have the child executed.
[10] Chinese people take herbal medicine prescribed by Chinese doctors. Herbs are boiled with water to make a liquid medicine. Before giving such medicine to oneˇs parents, a child should taste it first to make sure it is not too hot or too bitter.
[11] In ancient China, etiquette for funerals was set by the emperor.
[12] When our parents were alive, we should have treated them with our love and respect. After they pass away, we should arrange their funerals with our deepest sorrow. For all the subsequent commemorations and anniversaries held, we should show our love and respect as if they were still alive.
[13] Parents are happy when their children get along with each other. This is one way children can show they are dutiful to their parents.
[14] In Ancient China, a male person had at least two names. The first name was the ¨given name,〃 which was given to him by his parents when he was born. A second name was given to him by his friends when he reached the age of 20, at a ¨Ceremony of the Hat〃 given in his honor to announce his coming of age. After that only his parents called him by his ¨given name.〃 Everyone else, out of respect, including the emperor, could only call him by his second name. The only exception was if he committed a crime. During sentencing, he would be called by his ¨given name.〃
[15] In Ancient China, most people used horses or carriages as their means of transportation.
[16] See footnote 14.
[17] See footnote 2.
[18] See footnote 2.
[19] There is an old Chinese proverb: ¨A unit of time is as precious as a unit of gold, but you cannot buy back one unit of time with one unit of gold.〃 It means that time is really very precious, as no amount of money can buy time.
[20] In ancient China, when a male wore a hat, it meant he had passed the age of becoming an adult.
[21] In ancient China, in place of buttons, people used hooks. When dressed, hooks had to be tied.
[22] In ancient China, people paid their respect to other people by bowing, holding one hand over the other which is closed, or prostrating on the ground.
[23] In ancient China, curtains were made of bamboo strips woven together. They were used to shelter a room from view.
[24] Even though a container may be empty, out of reverence to things, whether living or not, one should treat it with respect and handle it with care.
[25] In ancient China, a virtuous man always behaved properly, regardless of whether he was alone or with others.
[26] If you do not understand part of book you are reading, read it again and again, even for a thousand times. Its meaning will come to you naturally.
[27] ¨Brush〃 here means a Chinese writing brush.
[28] ¨Inkstone〃 is a stone stand used for the preparing and holding the ink used in Chinese brush calligraphy.
[29] ¨Ink block〃 is a solid ink piece. A person grinds it with water against he inkstone to make ink for writing Chinese brush calligraphy.
[30] Here ¨books〃 refer to books on laws, constitutions, and the structural systems of a nation.
[知识拓展]
弟子规
总 叙
弟子规 圣人训 首孝弟 次谨信
泛爱众 而亲仁 有余力 则学文
入 则 孝
父母呼 应勿缓 父母命 行勿懒
父母教 须敬听 父母责 须顺承
冬则温 夏则凊 晨则省 昏则定
出必告 反必面 居有常 业无变
事虽小 勿擅为 苟擅为 子道亏
物虽小 勿私藏 苟私藏 亲心伤
亲所好 力为具 亲所恶 谨为去
身有伤 贻亲忧 德有伤 贻亲羞
亲爱我 孝何难 亲憎我 孝方贤
亲有过 谏使更 怡吾色 柔吾声
谏不入 悦复谏 号泣随 挞无怨
亲有疾 药先尝 昼夜侍 不离床
丧三年 常悲咽 居处变 酒肉绝
丧尽礼 祭尽诚 事死者 如事生
出 则 弟
兄道友 弟道恭 兄弟睦 孝在中
财物轻 怨何生 言语忍 忿自泯
或饮食 或坐走 长者先 幼者后
长呼人 即代叫 人不在 己即到
称尊长 勿呼名 对尊长 勿见能
路遇长 疾趋揖 长无言 退恭立
骑下马 乘下车 过犹待 百步余
长者立 幼勿坐 长者坐 命乃坐
尊长前 声要低 低不闻 却非宜
进必趋 退必迟 问起对 视勿移
事诸父 如事父 事诸兄 如事兄
谨
朝起早 夜眠迟 老易至 惜此时
晨必盥 兼漱口 便溺回 辄净手
冠必正 纽必结 袜与履 俱紧切
置冠服 有定位 勿乱顿 致污秽
衣贵洁 不贵华 上循分 下称家
对饮食 勿拣择 食适可 勿过则
年方少 勿饮酒 饮酒醉 最为丑
步从容 立端正 揖深圆 拜恭敬
勿践阈 勿跛倚 勿箕踞 勿摇髀
缓揭帘 勿有声 宽转弯 勿触棱
执虚器 如执盈 入虚室 如有人
事勿忙 忙多错 勿畏难 勿轻略
斗闹场 绝勿近 邪僻事 绝勿问
将入门 问孰存 将上堂 声必扬
人问谁 对以名 吾与我 不分明
用人物 须明求 倘不问 即为偷
借人物 及时还 后有急 借不难
信
凡出言 信为先 诈与妄 奚可焉
话说多 不如少 惟其是 勿佞巧
奸巧语 秽污词 市井气 切戒之
见未真 勿轻言 知未的 勿轻传
事非宜 勿轻诺 苟轻诺 进退错
凡道字 重且舒 勿急疾 勿模糊
彼说长 此说短 不关己 莫闲管
见人善 即思齐 纵去远 以渐跻
见人恶 即内省 有则改 无加警
唯德学 唯才艺 不如人 当自砺
若衣服 若饮食 不如人 勿生戚
闻过怒 闻誉乐 损友来 益友却
闻誉恐 闻过欣 直谅士 渐相亲
无心非 名为错 有心非 名为恶
过能改 归于无 倘掩饰 增一辜
泛 爱 众
凡是人 皆须爱 天同覆 地同载
行高者 名自高 人所重 非貌高
才大者 望自大 人所服 非言大
己有能 勿自私 人所能 勿轻訾
勿谄富 勿骄贫 勿厌故 勿喜新
人不闲 勿事搅 人不安 勿话扰
人有短 切莫揭 人有私 切莫说
道人善 即是善 人知之 愈思勉
扬人恶 即是恶 疾之甚 祸且作
善相劝 德皆建 过不规 道两亏
凡取与 贵分晓 与宜多 取宜少
将加人 先问己 己不欲 即速已
恩欲报 怨欲忘 报怨短 报恩长
待婢仆 身贵端 虽贵端 慈而宽
势服人 心不然 理服人 方无言
亲 仁
同是人 类不齐 流俗众 仁者希
果仁者 人多畏 言不讳 色不媚
能亲仁 无限好 德日进 过日少
不亲仁 无限害 小人进 百事坏
余 力 学 文
不力行 但学文 长浮华 成何人
但力行 不学文 任己见 昧理真
读书法 有三到 心眼口 信皆要
方读此 勿慕彼 此未终 彼勿起
宽为限 紧用功 工夫到 滞塞通
心有疑 随札记 就人问 求确义
房室清 墙壁净 几案洁 笔砚正
墨磨偏 心不端 字不敬 心先病
列典籍 有定处 读看毕 还原处
虽有急 卷束齐 有缺坏 就补之
非圣书 屏勿视 蔽聪明 坏心志
勿自暴 勿自弃 圣与贤 可驯致
创作背景
清康熙年间，清朝作为少数民族统治阶层，出于长久统治的目的，主动追求对儒家思想文化的认同；包括崇儒尊孔，提倡修读四书五经，尊孔子为“大成至圣文宣先师”；大修孔庙，春秋祭孔、宣谕以孔子儒教为立国之本。清康熙九年（1670年），清朝朝廷根据儒学核心制定和颁发“圣谕”十六条，作为人们的思想准则和行为规范；另外，清康熙十二年（1673年）荐举山林隐逸，清康熙十六年（1677年）开设明史馆，清康熙十七年（1678年）荐举博学鸿词、网罗名士、弘扬儒学等举措都促进了儒家的发展。
后世影响
《弟子规》是一部蒙学经典，内容浅白易懂、顺口押韵，以精炼的语言对儿童进行早期启蒙教育，受到了儿童们的喜爱；再加上全文灌输的是儒家文化的精髓，内容符合封建伦理，也受到了统治阶层的提倡，清朝统治阶级将其定为幼学必读教材。因而，《弟子规》成为清朝流行较广泛的蒙学教材，被誉为“开蒙养正最上乘”的读物。
在当代，《弟子规》不仅仅被用于幼儿教育，而且被运用到中学教育，甚至是大学教育和成人教育中，远远超出了最初的蒙学教育范围。
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