定语从句总结

2023-09-18 总结

　　总结是在一段时间内对学习和工作生活等表现加以总结和概括的一种书面材料，它可以帮助我们总结以往思想，发扬成绩，不如静下心来好好写写总结吧。但是总结有什么要求呢？以下是小编精心整理的定语从句总结，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。

　　定语从句总结

　　定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系副词where、when、why等引导，但须记住：

　　1.what不能引导定语从句.

　　2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。

　　一.指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that. 试分析：

　　The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.

　　Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing .

　　The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster. (=The man who/whom that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.)注：

　　A. 指人时有时只用who不宜用that。

　　1.先行词为one、ones或anyone

　　(1)The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard.

　　(2)Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.

　　2.先行词为these时

　　These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school.

　　3.在there be 开头的句子中

　　There is a student who wants to see you.

　　4.一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。

　　The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards.

　　5.在非限制性定语从句中

　　A.I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan.

　　B.主句以who开头的句子中,只用that,不用who。

　　二.指物的关系代词有which、whose(=of which)、that. 试分析：

　　1. I like the books which / that were written by Lu Xun.

　　2. The desks (which/that) we made last year were very good.

　　3. This is the house in which we lived last year. (= This is the house which /that we lived in last year.)

　　4. I live in the room whose windows face south. (= I live in the room ,the windows of which face south.)

　　注：

　　A. 介词如果位于作为其宾语的关系代词之前时，只能用whom、 which不能用who或that.

　　(1). The girl about whom they were talking is our monitor.

　　(2). The book in which there are many interesting things was written by Li Ming.

　　B. 部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开，在定语从句中其介词不可前置，只能放在其动词之后。

　　Is this the book which she is looking for?

　　The old man who/whom they are waiting for is Professor Li.

　　The child who/whom she is looking after is Wang Ping’s son.

　　C. 指物时，下列情况下只能用that ，不宜用which。

　　(1)先行词为不定代词，如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等。

　　We are willing to do anything that is good to the people.

　　I have told them all (that) I know.

　　All that can be done has been done.

　　(2)先行词是序数词或被序数词、修饰时。

　　The first book that I read last night was an English novel.

　　(3)先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。

　　This is one of the most interesting films that I have ever seen.

　　This is the best that can be done now.

　　(4)如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时(先行词既有人又有物)，定语从句的关系代词用which和who都不合适，只能用that。

　　We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.

　　There are sheep and men that can be seen on the hill.

　　(5)如果先行词被the only、the very、the last、the same、any、 few 、little、no、 all 、one of、 just修饰时。

　　This is the only book that can be lent to you.

　　(6)当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时，关系代词只用that。

　　Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ?

　　D.只物时，下列情况下只能用which，不宜用that。

　　(1)关系代词放在介词之后

　　This is the factory in which we once worked.

　　(2)非限制性定语从句中

　　This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun.

　　(3)that，Those作主语时

　　Those which are on the desk are English books.

　　E.先行词前有such、the same、 as时, 关系代词用as，不用that, 但the same…as…表示同样的, the same…that…表示同一的

　　He knows as many people as are present at the meeting.

　　Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays.

　　三.比较When/which、where /which、why.

　　which I still never forget.

　　This is the day when I joined the party.

　　which he spent reading the books.

　　where I found the book.

　　which makes machines.

　　This is the place which we once visited.

　　which I will never forget.

　　which I am looking for.

　　限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：

　　限制性定语从句

　　非限制性定语从句

　　All the students who study hard have passed.学习努力的学生都考试及格了。(只有努力的及格了，不努力的没及格。) All the students ,who study hard have passed.所有的学生都及格了，他们学习努力。(没有人不及格，这些学生都很努力。)

　　从句是先行词不可缺少的定语(如去掉，主句意思就不完整或不正确。) 从句是对先行词的附加说明(如去掉，主句意思仍清楚，不受影响。) 与主句关系密切，不用逗号与主句关系不十分密切，用逗号与主句隔开译为汉语时，从句译在先行词前，与先行词用“的”连接译为汉语时，从句放在主句后面关系代词that可以代替who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词不用that,只用who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词代替宾语时可以省略关系代词不能省略关系代词as和which

　　先研究下面两个例句：

　　○1.This elephant is like a snake, as /which everybody can see. =As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. 任何人都看得出来，这头象像条蛇。

　　○2.Tom didn’t pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry. Tom物理考试不及格，这使得他父亲很生气。

　　这两个例句中，as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处：

　　1. 在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。

　　2. 在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如……”，“就像……”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which，如句○2。再如：

　　1.He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。

　　2. The street hasn’t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。(不用as)

　　3.The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。(不用as)

　　4.He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。(不用as)

　　5.As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已经指出的那样，英语对于初学者说，是相当难学的。在such…as…、the same…as…、 as…、 as many…/much as…等结构中,as不能用which代替。如：

　　1.Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 这样的书对于初学的人来说是太难了。

　　=Books such as this are …

　　=Books like this are …

　　2.I live in the same building as he (does). 我和他住再同一座大楼里。

　　3.He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 他认识所有到会的人。

　　4.That day we all got up early as usual. 那天我们和平时一样，都起得很早。

　　“One of the +复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况

　　这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所*近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。如：

　　1. That is one of the books that are required for study at school.

　　2. This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.

　　3. She is one of the few persons who know Spanish .

　　4. This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties,

　　如果one of +复数名词这一结构前面带有the only、the very之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是而不是那个复数名词。如：

　　1.He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.( 修饰the only one)

　　He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.( 修饰the teachers)

　　2.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修饰the only one)

　　This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修饰rooms)

　　as与which引导的定语从句

　　两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。

　　1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。 As we all know, the earth is round.

　　2. 当与such或the same连用时，一般用as。 Such books as you tell me are interesting. I have the same plan as you.

　　3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。 She has married again, as was expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.

　　4. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。

　　She has been late again, as was expected.

　　Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.

　　定语从句小知识

　　首先，了解什么是定语从句。

　　定语从句是一种用句子作定语，修饰名词或代词的主从复合句，通常直接跟在被修饰名词或代词之后，被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词，试论定语从句。定语从句一般由关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系代词或关系副词一方面连接定语从句，另一方面其本身又在定语从句中充当某个句子成份。

　　eg：She is a girl who just cant say no. girl 为先行词，who just cant say no 为定语从句，关系词who 在整个定语从句中作主语。

　　常见的关系代词who(whom)指人、that 指人或物、whose，关系副词when、where以及why、how。关系代词在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语，关系副词在定语从句中作状语。

　　eg：

　　(1)He laughs best who laughs last.(who 在定语从句中作主语)

　　（2）David is the boy whom /who you have talked to. (who/whom作定语从句的宾语)

　　（3）This is the window whose glass is broken.(whose作定语)

　　（4）Tell me the reason why you are late.(why 在定语从句中作状语)

　　到底用关系代词还是关系副词，就看定语从句中缺少什么，如果缺少主语、宾语、定语就用关系代词，如果缺少状语就用关系副词。

　　其次，应注意定语从句中的谓语动词一般应与先行词保持人称和数的一致。

　　eg：This is the only one of the students who is from Canada.

　　先行词单数

　　定语从句中的动词时态应根据句意及上、下文而定，主句和从句可用不同的时态。

　　eg:Where is the comrade whom I saw yesterday.

　　现在时过去时

　　第三，定语从句，分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

　　限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，关系十分密切，如果省去主句的意思就不完整，该从句不能用逗号和主句分开。

　　eg:That is a man who found my handbag.

　　非限制性定语从句是先行词和整个主句的附加说明，关系不是十分密切，若省去，主句的意思仍然清楚，该从句前常用逗号和主句分开。

　　eg：She was a good mother, who loved her children very much.

　　需要注意引导非限制性定语从句指事或物时只用which。

　　eg：The trees near the house, which I planted three years ago, are growing up well.

　　第四，运用定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词要注意以下几点：

　　1.介词＋关系词（即关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语，如果介词放在关系代词的前面，则关系代词指人只能用whom，指事或物只能用which。）

　　who is the comrade with whom you shook hands just now?

　　The boy lives in the house in front of which there is a tall building.

　　当然，当介词放在从句的句末时，关系代词的用法不受以上限制。

　　2.关系代词that 可指人也可指物，但在下列情况下一般用that 引导，不用which/who。

　　1)当先行词为nothing, anything, everything, all, much, little, none, few，等不定代词时常用that，但something可用which。

　　eg：I can give you all that I can get.

　　2)当先行词被only, last 等修饰时常用that。

　　eg：This is the only picture that is inter esting.

　　3)当先行词被数词、形容词最高级来修饰时常用that，不用which。

　　eg：That is the longest river that runs through our village.

　　4)主句中有两个先行词，且一个表示人，另一个表示物，即先行词同时有人或物时常用that。

　　eg：We talked about the persons and the things that had never happened in school.

　　人物

　　关系代词本身在定语从句中用作表语，用that引导定语从句，但that 常省略。

　　eg:Our hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.

　　6)若句中有两个定语从句，前一个定语从句已用了关系代词which，则第二个定语从句中的关系代词常用that。

　　eg： Edison set up a factory which produced things that had never seen before.

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