总结是在一段时间内对学习和工作生活等表现加以总结和概括的一种书面材料,它是增长才干的一种好办法,不妨让我们认真地完成总结吧。总结怎么写才不会流于形式呢?下面是小编收集整理的初中英语知识点总结,欢迎阅读与收藏。
初中英语知识点总结 篇1
I.要点
表示说的话不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。
1、虚拟语气的构成
如:与现在事实相反
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
与过去事实相反:
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
与将来事实相反:
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (条件从句谓语动词用were to +动词原形,表示下雨的可能性极小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”,但were to加强表示“当初没想到以后的事”)
注:
(1)如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去,但要倒装。如:
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
(2)混合时间条件句的用法:
有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致。这时动词的形式,应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。
1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(从句叙述过去,主句叙述现在。)
(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句叙述现在,从句叙述过去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3)在其他状语从句中的用法
主要用于由as if (as though)引导的比较状语从句,从句中谓语动词一般用“动词的过去式(be变were )或had +过去分词。”如:
She looked as if she were ill.(实际上她没有病,在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的英语说得好)
2、虚拟语气在各种从句的应用
(1)在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等,其谓语形式是"should(可省) +动词原形",常用于以下三种句型中。
句型一:It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二:It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三:It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如:It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(2)在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中,表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
(3)在表语从句中,表示间接的命令,要求、请求、建议、决定等,主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
(4)在同位语从句中,谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:
We received order that the work be done at once.
(5)在It is time that…句型中,其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或"should +动词原形",should不可省。如:
Its time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
初中英语知识点总结 篇2
(一)掌握动词的现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词四种形式的构成规则;
1、动词现在时的第三人称单数的构成:
词尾加-s look-looks find-finds
以s,x,ch,sh或o结尾词尾加-es watch-watches,push-pushes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i再加-es fly-flies,apply-applies
2、动词的过去式及过去分词的构成:
①规则动词的变化:
词尾加-ed look-looked,looked
以e结尾词尾加-d live-lived,lived
以“辅音字母+Y”结尾,变y为i,再加-ed carry-carried,carried
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母双写该辅音字母,再加-ed stop-stopped
②不规则动词的变化。(略)
3、动词的现在分词的构成:
直接加-ing look-looking watch-watching
以e结尾去e加-ing come-coming move-moving
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写该辅音字母,再加-ing swim-swimming
以ie结尾且为重读开音节变ie加y再加ing die-dying lie-lying
(二)掌握动词六种时态的基本结构,主要用法及区别(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在进行时和现在完成时)
1、一般现在时
①一般现在时常用来表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作,与always,usually,often,sometimes,every day(week,month)等连用;表示现在的事实或状态;表示主语所具有的特征,性格和能力;以及表示客观事实或普遍其理。
②一般现在时的构成:
一般现在时通常以动词原形表示,但当主语是第三人称单数时,动词原形后需加-s或-es。
She likes biology very much.她非常喜欢生物。
They often go to school by bike.他们通常骑车上学。
2、一般过去时
①一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去时间的副词如:yesterday,last week,two hours ago等连用;表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作,这时可与频度副词often,usually,always等连用;表示过去发生的一连串动作,以及在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。
②一般过去时的构成:一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。
We met each other on the street yesterday.我们昨天在街上碰见了。
She often went swimming last year.她去年经常去游泳。
They moved the chairs to the table,sat down and began to have supper.
他们把椅子搬到桌边,坐下开始吃饭。
Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.玛丽告诉我如果下雨她就呆在家里。
3、一般将来时
①一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语如next month,tomorrow,in a week,soon等连用。
②一般将来时的构成:
(1)一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。其中shall主要用于主语是第一人称(I和we)的疑问句中。
(2)也可以用“be going to+动词原形”这个结构来表示根据目前迹象很有可能发生的某件事情,或是打算、计划、以及决定要做某件事情等。
They will have a class meeting next Tuesday.他们下周二将举行班会。
We shall meet at the school gate.我们将在学校大门口见。
It is going to rain.要下雨了。
4、现在进行时
①现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作,常与now,at present,at this,moment等连用;或与these days,this week/month等连用,表示现阶段正在进行的动作。有时还与always,continually,forever等词连用,表示反复出现的动作,代替一般现在时,表达说话人强烈的感情。如赞扬、不满、讨厌等。如:588.es
He is always asking such silly questions.他老是提这类愚蠢的问题。
②现在进行时的构成:
现在进行时由“be(am/is/are)+V-ing”构成。
They are watching TV now.他们正在看电视。
The dog is enjoying his meal.小狗正在吃饭。
5、过去进行时
①过去进行时的用法与现在进行时用法相同,只不过参照的时间基准点不同。
过去进行表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。一般和特定的时间状语或状语从句连用。如:then,at that time,at eight yesterday,this time yesterday,when he came in等。
②过去进行时的构成与现在进行时类似,只不过把be(am,is,are)变为过去式(was,were)
They were watching TV at that time.他们那会正在看电视。
The dog was enjoying his meal at this time yesterday.小狗昨天这个时候正在吃饭。
6、现在完成时
①表示动作已经完成,但后果或影响仍在,常与already,just,yet等副词连用;或是表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在,常与for或since引导的一段时间状语连用。
②现在完成时由助动词“have/has+过去分词”构成。
He has already come back.他已经回来了。
He has lived here for three years.他在此住了两年了。
(三)掌握系动词be,look,feel,smell,get,become,turn,keep等的基本用法
常见的连系动词有:become,turn,get,grow,keep,feel,look,seem,smell,fall等。它们后面常接形容词,构成系表结构。
Please keep the classroom clean.请保持教室的干净。
The bread looks very fresh.这些面包看上去很新鲜。
(四)了解过去将来时、过去完成时态的基本用法;
①过去将来时表示从过去某一时点看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时和一般将来时的构成相同,只是把will,shall变为过去式would,should,把助动词be的过去式变为过去式was或were而已。如:
They were going to have a meeting.他们曾打算开会。
②过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的行为或存在的状态。与现在完成的用法相同,只不过作为衡量基准点的时间点不同,现在完成时以现在作为衡量的基准点,而过去完成时则以过去某个时刻作为基准点。它表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”,常by,before引导的时间状语连用。如:
By the time he was ten,Edison had built a lab for himself.
到爱迪生10岁时,他已给自己建了一个实验室。
She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她说她已在那所医院工作20年了。
(五)掌握助动词be,do,have,shall,will的基本用法;
助动词是“辅助性”动词,一般没有词义,不能单独作谓语,但可用来帮助构成谓语,表示不同的时态,语态,和数的变化。
常见的助动词有:
(1)be(am,is,are,was,were,being,been)与现在分词结合,构成各种进行时态;或与过去分词结合构成被动语态。
I’m looking for my pen.我正在找我的笔。(现在进行时)
These cups are made in China.这些杯子是中国制造的。(被动语态)
(2)have(has,had,having)与过去分词结合,构成完成时。
They have known each other for twenty years.
他们互相认识有二十年了。(现在完成时)
He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.
他十岁时就已经为自己建了一个化学实验室。(过去完成时)
(3)do(does,did)助动词do后只能跟动词原形,与not及其他动词结合构成否定句,或置于主语之前构成疑问句。
He does not speak English.他不说英语。
When did he come back?他什么时候回来的?
(4)will(would),shall(should)will能用于一般将来时的任何人称后;would是will的过去时,能用于过去将来时;两者后面都接动词原形。
The plane will arrive in ten minutes.飞机十分中后将要到达。
I was sure we would win.我确信用我们会赢。
shall与should这两个助动词本身没有词义,shall只能用于一般将来时的第一人称后;should是shall的过去时,只能用于过去将来时的第一人称后;两者后面都接动词原形。
We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow.我们明天将在校门口见。
I told them that I should do the work alone.我告诉他们我将独自做那项工作。
(一)掌握情态动词can,must,need,may等基本句型结构及主要用法
①情态动词在英文中是“辅助性”动词,用来表示说话人的语气或情态,包括请求、命令、允诺、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、义务、能力等。情态动词本身有词义,但词义不完全,不能单独用作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,且后面只跟动词原形。
②情态动词的种类:
can could能
may might可以(或许)
must must(had to)必须(不得不)
will would愿意
shall should应该
need needed需要
dare dared敢于
③can的用法
(1)表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”,也能表示根据客观条件能做某事的“能力”。
The boy can swim very well.
Who can answer this question?
(2)表示允许
The students can leave after the meeting.
When can I get the news?
(3)表示推测
It can be wrong.
Who can your new teacher next term?
④could的用法
(1)can的过去式,表示过去有能力及过去的可能性。
They could run very fast when they were young.
Could you speak English at that time?
(2)表示客气地请求或委婉地陈述意见。
Could I borrow your bike?
Could you listen to me carefully?
(3)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度
How could that be?
She couldn’t know me.
⑤must的用法
(1).表示义务,命令或必要
You must finish it before 5 o’clock.
Must I hand it in now?
(2).表示肯定的推测:一定
She must be a pretty girl.
You must be wrong.
⑥need的用法588.es
(1)表示“需要,必须”,主要用于否定句和疑问句中。
We need to pay more attention.
Need I call him for you?
(2)need引导的疑问句,肯定回答时多用must,否定回答时用needn’t。
Need he come?他必须来吗?
Yes,he must.是的,必须来。
No,he needn’t.不,他不必来。
⑦may的用法
(1)表示请求、许可、可以
May I ask you some questions?
May we start now?
(2)表示推测说话人的猜测,认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生。
He may be 25 years old.
We may come back in three days.
(3)may用于感叹句中可以表示祝愿或愿望。
May you success!
May you have a nice trip!
⑧should的用法
should意思是“应该”,表示劝告或建议(=ought to)
Who should I meet this afternoon?
You should pack you bag quickly.
(二)了解一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时三种时态的被动语态的结构形式及其基本用法
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。一般说来,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(p.p.)”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式,过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化亦如此。
1.一般现在时的被动语态(am/is/are+done)
English is spoken by lots of people in the world.世界上的许多人都说英语。
Class meeting is held every Thursday.每周四都举行班会。
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day.学生们每天都打扫教室。
2.一般过去时的被动语态(was/were+done)
The cup was broken by the boy.杯子被那个男孩打碎了。
He was saved at last.他最终获救了。
My bike was stolen.我的自行车被偷了。
3.一般将来时的被动语态(will/shall be+done;would/should be+done)
A speech will be given this afternoon.今天下午有一个演讲。
A new road will be built next year.明年要修一条新马路。
I think thousands of people will be helped.我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
(三)了解含有情态动词的被动语态的构成形式及其基本用法
情态动词的被动语态结构为:情态动词+be+过去分词;其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成,“be+过去分词”部分不变。如:
Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。
Tables could be made of stone at that time.那时桌子可由石头制造。(一般过去时)
Can tables be made of stone?桌子能用石头制造吗?(疑问句)
(四)动词不定式的基本用法
动词不定式在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语和宾语补足语和状语(包括目的状语,结果状语和原因状语。)
1)作主语
To dance with you makes me happy.和你跳舞令我高兴。
It is difficult to drive in the mountains.(=To drive in the mountains is difficult.)
在山里开车很困难。
2)作宾语
①后接不定式作宾语的及物动词多是表示“意愿”、“企图”等的动词,如:
hope,want,wish,desire,like,decide,try,promise,refuse.
I want to talk with her.我想和她谈谈。
She has decided to go.她已决定要走。
②在feel,find,think,consider,made等动词后如果是不定式作宾语,而补语是形容词,则通常用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语即不定式移至形容词之后。如:
I find it impossible to forget her.我发现忘掉她是不可能的。
He thought it necessary to take an umbrella.他认为带把伞是必要的。
3)作表语
Her wish is to be a teacher.他的愿望是成为一名教师。
Your duty is to clean the classroom.你的任务是打扫教室。
4)作宾语补足语
He wants me to come earlier.他想要我来得更早些。
The policeman ordered them to turn around.警察命令他们转过身。
5)作目的状语:
She opened the window to let some fresh air in.她打开窗子好让新鲜空气进来。
I went there to see her yesterday.昨天我去那儿看她了。
6)作结果状语:
He is too tired to go any further.他太累了,不能再走了。
He is not old enough to join the army.他年龄太小,不能参军。
7)作原因状语:
不定式跟在表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的形容词之后,可以表示引起这些情感的原因。
I’m sorry to trouble you.真抱歉给你带来麻烦。
I’m glad to see you.见到你真高兴。
初中英语知识点总结 篇3
一,表示并列关系的连词有:
and,both…and,neither…nor,either…or,not only…but also,as well as
1.and“和,并且”,连接对等的词句。(在否定句中要用or连接。)
I like physics and chemistry.我喜欢物理和化学。
I don’t like physics or chemistry.我不喜欢物理和化学。
2.both…and“……和……都”
Both Jim and Mary went to the cinema yesterday.昨天吉姆和玛丽都去看电影了。
Exercise is good both for body and for mind.运动有益于身心。
3.neither…nor两者皆不
He neither smokes nor drinks.他既不抽烟又不喝酒。
I like neither swimming nor skating.我既不喜欢游泳,又不喜欢溜冰。
4.either…or不是…就是…,或者…或者….。
Either you come to the office now,or wait for me at home.
你要么现在到办公室来,要么就在家等着。
Either he or I will leave.不是他就是我将要离开。
5.not only…but(also)不但……而且……(not only…but also中的also可以省略。)
Not only she but also I am wrong.不但她错了,我也错了。
He not only made a promise,but kept it.他不仅许诺,而且做到了。
6.as well as也、又
We will rescue Henry as well as you.除了你,我们还要营救亨利。
He likes basketball as well as football.除了足球,他还喜欢篮球。
二、常用的从属连词:
(一)引导时间状语从句的连词有:when,while,since,until,after,before,as soon as
1.when当……时
When we got there,the meeting had begun.我们到时,会议已经开始了。
It was raining when she arrived at the station.她到达车站时,正在下雨。588.es
2.while正当……时,正在……时。(while引导的从句中,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,且常常用进行时。
Don’t make any noise while others are reading.别人读书时不要制造噪音。
She sang while she was walking.她边走边唱。
3.since自从
It’s just a month since we arrived here.我们到这儿刚好一月了。
My mother has been ill since I left home.自从我离开家我妈妈就一直生病。
4.until直到……为止
Until you told me,I knew nothing at all about it.在我告诉我之前,我对此之外无所知。
He didn’t appear until the meeting had begun.直到会议开始他才露面。
5.before在……之前
after在……之后
I’ll phone you after I arrive.我到达之后给你打电话。
Say goodbye before you go.你走之前要说再见。
6.as soon as一……就
I’ll visit you as soon as I come back.我一回来就去拜访你。
Please tell him as soon as you see him.你一看见他就请告诉他。
(二)引导原因状语从句的连词:because,since,as,for,now that
1.because因为(because与so不能并用。)
I can’t believe in him because he isn’t honest.我不能信任他,因为他不诚实。
She didn’t come because she didn’t know it.她没有来,因为她不知道。
2.since既然
Since he says so,it must be true.既然他这么说,那一定是真的。
Since you ask,I will tell you.你既然问,我就告诉你。
3.as因为,由于
As we are hungry,let’s have supper.由于大家饿了,我们就吃晚饭吧。
Mother began to worry about my brother as it was getting dark.
由于天越来越黑,妈妈开始为哥哥着急。
4.for因为
We cant go for it is raining.我们不能走,因为正在下雨。
I enjoyed myself at the party for I knew all the guests well.
我在晚会上玩得很尽兴,因为所有的个人我都很熟悉。
5.now that既然
Now that he is unhappy,let’s leave him alone.既然他不高兴,我们就让他自己呆着吧。
Now that she feels sorry,please forgive her.既然她很后悔,就请原谅她吧。
(三)引导结果状语从句:so…that,such…that
1.so…that如此……以致
She is so tired that he can’t go any further.她太累了,不能再走了。
She is so big a cat that she can’t get into the hole.这猫太大了钻不进这洞。
2.such…that如此……以致
It’s such a beautiful place that I wouldn’t come back.这地方太美了,令我留恋返。
It’s such a fine day that many people go to the park for fun.
天气这么好,许多人都到公园里来玩乐。
(四)引导目的状语从句的连词:so that,in order that以便
They hurried so that they can get there on time.他们加快了速度,为的是能够按时到达。
I hired a boat in order that I can go fishing.为了去钓鱼,我租了条小船。
(五)引导比较状语从句的连词:than,as…as
He is taller than his brother.他比他兄弟高。
She could draw as well as her teacher.她能画得跟她的老师一样好。
(六)引导让步状语从句的连词:though,although(though与although的用法基本一样)
Although it rained hard,he still went out.尽管雨下得很大,他还是出去了。
Even though I have enough time,I don’t want to go there with him.
尽管我有时间,可我并不想跟他去那。
初中英语知识点总结 篇4
句子成分
1.主语:句子所陈述的对象。
2.谓语:主语发出的动作。一般是有动作意义的动词。
3.宾语:分为动词宾语和介词宾语,属于动作的承受者。
4.系动词:表示状态或状态变化的动词,没有实际的动作意义。如be,感官系动词(look, sound, smell,
taste和feel)、保持类系动词(keep, stay和remain)、状态变化类系动词(become、get、turn和go)等。
5.表语:紧跟系动词后面的成分。
6.定语:修饰名词或代词的成分。
7.状语:修饰形容词、副词、动词或句子的成分。
8.补语:分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。是对宾语和主语的补充说明,与其有主动或被动的逻辑关系。
例如:You should keep the room clean and tidy.你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(You是主语,should
keep是谓语,the room是宾语,clean and tidy是宾语补足语。)
This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。(This kind of
food是主语,tastes是系动词,delicious是表语。)
初中英语知识点总结 篇5
简单句的五种基本句型
1.“主语+谓语”(即“主谓”句型)
例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主语)“arrived”(谓语)。
2.“主语+谓语+宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)
例:I study English.分析:“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。
3.“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)
例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our
teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。
4.“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型)
例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go
there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。
5.“主语+系动词+表语”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn,
look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。
例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。
初中英语知识点总结 篇6
现在进行时,从字面上理解,就是“现在正在进行、发生的动作”,表示动作发生的时间是“现在”,动作目前的状态是“正在进行中”。所谓“正在进行中”,是指在谈到这件事的时候,这个动作还在进行中。至于它是什么时候开始的,什么时候会停下来,不是我们关心的。所以“正在进行时”的事件,可能发生几年了,也可能只有几分钟。仍在进行中这是“正在进行时”的关键所在。它是一件持续进行的事情。
一、现在进行时的构成
现在进行时由"be+现在分词(v-ing)"构成。be应为助动词,一定不要漏掉哟!它应与主语的人称和数保持一致,即:I am/he/she/it 包括单数名词和不可数名词用is,you/we/they 包括复数名词用are. 。现在分词变化规则如下:
1.动词后直接+ ing(例:sleep+ing sleeping)
2.去掉不发音的e+ing(例:bite-e+ing biting)
3.重读闭音节,且末尾只有1个辅音字母,双写辅音字母+ing(例: sitting
sitting, beginning,getting,putting,running,stopping,cutting )
4.特殊变化:die-dying,lie-lying,tie-tying
句式构成如下:
肯定句式:主语+be( am, is, are)+现在分词+其它.
否定句式:主语+be(am, is, are) +not +现在分词+其它.
一般疑问句:Be(am, is, are) +主语+现在分词+其它? ,,
特殊疑问句:疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它?
二、现在进行时的应用
A表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 例:We are waiting for you.
B. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。 例:Mr. Green is writing another novel.
(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。) 例:She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
C.已经确定或安排好的将来活动。
Im leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.(已经安排了) were flying to Paris tomorrow.(票已经拿到了)
在实际运用时,现在进行时常用以下几种情况:
(1)当句子中有now时,常表示动作正在进行,这时要用现在进行时。如:
They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。
(2)以look, listen开头的`句子,提示我们动作正进行,这时要用现在进行时。如:
Listen!She is singing an English song.听,她正在唱英语歌。
(3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作,且此时有this week, these days等时间状语,这时常用现在进行时。如:
We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。
(4)描述图片中的人物的动作,也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如:
Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看这幅图,那些孩子正在公园放风筝。
常见考法
对于现在进行时的考查,多以单选或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力。在考试中,会让大家判断是否该用现在进行时,或填写现在分词,或进行句型转换。
典型例题1: Listen, who________(sing) in the music room?
解析:以 listen开头,提示我们动作正进行,这时要用现在进行时。所以应用is singing
典型例题2:The boys are visiting the history museum。(对划线部分提问)
解析:对动作提问用What,现在进行时,把are 提到主语前,加doing。
答案:What are the boys doing?
误区提醒
在口语中表示主语计划将要作的动作,用现在进行时表示将来时,这类情况常与come来,go去, leave离开,depart离开,arrive到达,stay逗留,start开始等动词连用。所用的动词必须是动作而不是状态,主语必须是人。
典型例题:They are (leave)for New York tomorrow.
解析:题意为“明天他们将要动身前往纽约”。虽然tomorrow 表示“明天”,表达未来,但leave要用现在进行时表示将来时,所以应用leaving 。
答案:leaving
初中英语知识点总结 篇7
动词不定式:to +动词原形+sth
做主语的时候:
It is good to study English well学习英语好是很好的事情=To study English well is good
做宾语的时候:动词词组:动词+to do sth
I want to do housework我想要做家务
做补语的时候:
I ask you to do homework我叫你去写作业
I believe it good to learn English well我相信学好英语是很好的
I think it good to learn English well我认为学好英语是很好的
I find it good to learn English well我发现学好英语是很好的
I discover it good to learn English well我发现学好英语是很好
I feel it good to learn English well我感觉学好英语是很好的
I make it good to learn English well我使得学好英语是很好的
初中英语知识点总结 篇8
一、表示时间的介词
时间介词有in , on,at, after, since,during,by,before,after,until等,前三个介词用法有个口诀: at午夜、点与分,上午、下午、晚用in。
年、月、年月、季节、周,之前加上介词in。
将来时态多久后,这些情形亦用in。
日子、日期、年月日,星期之前要用on。
其余几组常见的时间介词辨析如下辨析如下:
1、时间介词in与after 的用法辨析
介词 in + 一段时间用于一般将来时。如:We’ll go to school in two weeks.
介词after + 一段时间用于一般过去时。如:My mother came home after half an hour.
介词after + 时间点常用于一般将来时。如:We’ll go out for a walk after supper.
2、时间介词for与since的用法辨析
介词for 表示一段时间如:I have been living here for 10 years.
介词since 表示从过去某一时间以来如:I have been living here since 20xx.
3、时间介词before与by的用法辨析
介词before表示“在…之前”如:He won’t come back before five .
介词by表示“到…时为止,不迟于…”如:The work must be finished by Friday.
4、时间介词during与for的用法辨析
当所指的时间起止分明时用介词during如:He swims every day during the summer.
如果一段时间不明确则用介词for如:I haven’t seen her for years.
5、时间介词till与until用法的异同
till和until用在肯定句中,均可表示“直到…为止”,如:I will wait till(until)seven oclock.
till和until用在否定句中,均可表示“在…以前”或“直到…才”。
如:Tom didnt come back till(until)midnight.
till多用于普通文体,而 until则用于多种文体,并且在句子开头时,用until而不用till如:Until he comes back,nothing can be done.
注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。
二、表示方位的介词
常用的表示方位的介词用法及辨析如下:
1、方位介词on, over, above的用法辨析
介词on表示一物放在另一物上面,两者紧贴在一起,如:The book is on the table.
介词over表示一种垂直悬空的上下关系,即“在…上方”,如:Is there any bridge over the river?
介词above表示一般的“高于…”,“在…之上”,如:There was an electric clock above his bed.
2、方位介词under与below的用法辨析
介词under是over的反义词即“在…下方”,如:They were seen under the tree.
介词below是above的反义词即“低于…”,“在…之下”,如:They live below us.
3、方位介词across,、through、over,、past的用法辨析
介词across着重于“从一头或一边到另一头或另一边”,强调从表面穿过。
如:She went across the street to make some purchases.
介词through着重于“穿越”,强调从一定的空间内穿过。
如:The sunlight was coming in through the window.
介词over多表示从“上方越过”,如:He failed to go over the mountain; he had to go round it.
介词past表示从“面前经过”,如:Someone has just gone past the window.
4、地点介词at与in的用法辨析
介词at表示较小的地方,如家、村、乡村等,如:He lives at a small village.
介词in表示较大的地方,如大城市、国家、洲等,如:He lives in Beijing.
5、表示东南西北的时候,地点介词in、on、to的用法辨析
介词in表示“包含”如:Beijing is in the north of China.
介词on表示“紧邻”如:Canada lies on the north of the U.S.
介词to表示“没接触”如:France lies to the south of England.
三、表示方式、手段、或工具的介词by,in,on,with.
1、by,in,on,表示交通方式。用by 时,交通工具前不用任何词;用 in和on 时,交通工具前用冠词或形容词性物主代词。例如by car=in a car,by bike=on a bike.
2、表示手段或工具,with后跟具体工具,如I write with a pen;in表示使用某种语言或墨水、颜色等原料,例如:in English.
四、介词的固定搭配
across from在对面 look for 寻找 look after 照顾 get on with 与某人相处
agree with 同意(某人) arrive at(in) 到达 ask for 询问 begin…with 从……开始 believe in 相信 break off 打断 break out 爆发 bring down 降低 bring in 引进 bring up 教育,培养 build up 建起 burn down 烧光 call back 回电话 call for 要求约请 call on 拜访 访问 care for 喜欢 carry on 继续开展 carry out 实行开展 check out 查明 结帐 come about 发生,产生 come out 出来 come to 共计 达到 compare…with 与……比较 compare to 比作 cut off 切断 date from 始于 depend on 依靠 devote to 献于 die out 灭亡 divide up 分配 dream of 梦想 fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒 feed on 以……为食 get down to 专心于 get through 通过
常见考法
对于介词的考察,通常是以单项选择或完形填空形式考查介词用法,尤其是几个易混淆的代词。另外,介词与动词和形容词构成的固定搭配也是常见的考试内容。
误区提醒
1、掌握介词固定搭配
2、准确把握介词及介词短语的基本意义和用法。
典型例题1:Peter usually gets up early the morning.
A in B on C at D of
解析;这是20xx年北京市的一道中考题,本题考查时间介词的用法。“在早上”应为in the morning.
答案:A
典型例题2:-How do you usually go to school?
- my bike.
A By B In C On
解析; 虽然介词by表示“乘坐”,但是它所接的名词前没有限定词,即by bike.而本题中bike 前有限定词my,这时应用on.
答案:C
初中英语知识点总结 篇9
1. …as soon as…一…就…
Mary一见到她弟弟就会告诉他这个消息。
Mary will tell her brother this message as soon as he sees him.
我们一到那儿就去爬山了。
We went climbing as soon as we arrived / got / reached there.
2. as + adj./adv.+ as… …和…一样(的/地)…
not as(so)…as… …不如/不比… ….
李雷和吉母跑得一样快。
Li Lei runs as fast as Jim.
约翰和你的年龄不一样大。
John is not as (so) old as you.
这部电视剧不如那部有趣。(TV series)
This TV series is not as (so) interesting as that one.
3. as +adj./adv.+ as possible尽可能…的/地…
我们在英语课上应该尽可能地多讲英语。
We should speak English as much as possible in English class.
你能不能尽可能慢一些读这个句子?
Can you read the sentence as slowly as possible?
4. ask sb for sth向某人要求某物
当你迷路时,你可以向警察需求帮助。
When you get lost, you can ask the police for help.
一些学生经常向父母要钱去玩电子游戏。(video games)
Some students often ask their parents for money to play video games.
他向父母要一辆自行车作为生日礼物。
He asked his parents for a bicycle as his birthday present.
5. ask/ tell sb. (how) to do sth询问/告诉某人如何做某事
许多学生经常问老师如何才能学好英语。
Many students often ask their teachers how to learn English well.
让我来告诉你如何发邮件。
Let me tell you how to send an e-mail.
6. ask / tell /want sb (not) to do sth.要求(让)/告诉/想要某人做(不做)某事
护士告诉我服用此药需一日三次,饭后服用。
The nurse told me to take this medicine three times a day after meals.
老师经常告诉我要更加努力地学习。
The teacher often tells me to study harder.
他让我不要再犯同样的错误。
He asked me not to make the same mistake again.
7. make/ let /have sb. (not) do sth使/让某人做(不做)某事
他使得孩子哭得很厉害。
He made the child cry loudly.
昨天他使我在影院门口等了很长时间。
He made me wait for long (for a long time) at the gate of the cinema yesterday.
直到我们做完了作业,妈妈才让我们去玩球。
Mother didn’t let us play football until we finished our homework.
那个老板迫使工人们每天工作10小时。
That boss made the workers work (for) ten hours a day.
8. be afraid of doing / to do/that害怕/不敢做某事
这个小女孩不敢晚上出去。
The little girl is afraid to go out in the evening / at night.
他害怕独自呆在家里。
He is afraid of staying at home alone.
许多人担心他们会失去工作。(be afraid that)
Many people are afraid that they will lose their jobs.
9. be busy with sth. / doing sth.忙于某事/做某事
现在学生们忙于准备考试。
Now students are busy preparing for the exams.
昨天下午妈妈都在忙着做家务。(两种)
Mother was busy with housework yesterday afternoon.
Mother was busy doing housework yesterday afternoon.
10. be famous / late /ready / sorry for sth.
因…而著名/ (做)…迟到了/晚了/为…准备/为…而抱歉
如果你不快点,你就会上班迟到。
If you don’t hurry, you will be late for work.
杭州以丝绸而出名。
Hangzhou is famous for silk.
我们已经准备好迎接奥运会了。
We have been ready for the Olympic Games.
我为我的错误而抱歉。
I am sorry for my mistake.
11. be glad that很高兴…
我很高兴你能来参加晚会。
I am very glad that you can come to the evening party.
老师很高兴我们班得了第一名。
The teacher was very glad that our class was the first / won the first prize.
12. give/ show/ bring/ lend/ send/ pass/ tell / offer sth to sb
buy/give/ show/ send/ pass/ bring/ lend/ tell sb. sth
给某人某物;给某人看某物;给某人带来某物;借给某人某物;送给某人某物;递给某人某物;把某事告诉给某人;主动给某人某物
请递给我一张纸。
Please pass me a piece of paper.
=Please pass a piece of paper to me.
请把你的画给我看看。
Please show me your picture.
=Please show your picture to me
他借给我一辆自行车。
He lent me a bike.
=He lent a bike to me.
别忘了下次来给我带点儿钱。
Don’t forget to bring me some money when you come here next time.
= Don’t forget to bring some money to me when you come here next time.
13. either…or…或…或…,不是…就是…,要么…要么…
不是你,就是他是对的。
Either you or he is right. V.就近原则
每个周末,我们要么去公园,要么呆在家里。
We either go to a park or stay at home every weekend. (at/on weekends.)
要了解世界,人们既可以读报纸,也可以看电视。
People can either read newspapers or watch TV to get to know the world.
14. neither…nor…既不…也不…,两者都不…
我和他都没有读过这本书。
Neither he nor I have ever read this book. V.就近原则
这个女孩已经十岁了,但她既不会读书,也不会写字。
The girl is already ten, but she can neither read nor write.
15. enjoy/ finish/mind/ keep/ practise/go on doing sth.
享受做…之乐;做完某事;介意做某事;一直做某事;练习做某事;继续做…
我们应该经常练习讲英语。
We should often practice speaking English.
我奶奶一直坚持早晨锻炼身体已经有十年了。
My grandma has kept doing exercise in the morning for ten years.
16. find /think / feel + it + adj. (for sb.)to do sth.发现/认为/觉得做某事如何
越来越多的人发现吃太多汉堡包不利于健康。
More and more people have found it unhealthy to eat too many hamburgers.
很多大学生发现在大学中交友很难。
A lot of students have found it very hard to make friends at college.
17. get + adj.的比较级+ and + adj.的比较级变得越来越…
地球变得越来越暖和了。
It gets warmer and warmer on the earth.
春天到了,天气变得越来越热了。
Spring is coming and it’s getting warmer and warmer.
北京变得越来越美丽了。
Beijing is becoming more and more beautiful.
18. The + adj./adv.的比较级,the + adj./adv.的比较级。越...,就越…。
天气越冷,人们穿得就越多。
The colder it is, the more people wear.
我们种的树越多,空气就会越干净。
The more trees we plant, the cleaner the air will be.
英语,我们练习得越多,说得就越好。
The more we practice speaking English, the better we can speak.
你越强健,患感冒的机会就越少。
The stronger you are, the less chance you will catch a cold.
19. It is +序数词+ adj./adv.的最高级+ n.
黄河是中国第二长的河流。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
他是我们班跑得第二快的。
He runs the second fastest in our class.
20. one of the +最高级+ n. (pl.)是最…之一者
姚明是世界上最好的篮球运动员之一。
Yao Ming is one of the best basketball players in the world.
三亚是中国最美丽的城市之一。
Sanya is one of the most beautiful cities in China.
初中英语知识点总结 篇10
简单句的五种基本句型
1.“主语+谓语”(即“主谓”句型)
例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主语)“arrived”(谓语)。
2.“主语+谓语+宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)
例:I study English.分析:“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。
3.“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)
例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。
4.“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型)
例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。
5.“主语+系动词+表语”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。
例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。
初中英语知识点总结 篇11
形容词和副词比较级的用法
(1)“甲+be+(倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”。
Tom is taller than Kate.汤姆比凯特高。
This room is three times bigger than that>这个房间比那个大三倍。
(2)“甲+实意动词+(倍数)+副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”。
I got up earlier than my mother this morning.我今天早晨起床比我妈妈还早。
He runs three times faster than his brother.他跑的速度比他弟弟快三倍。
初中英语知识点总结 篇12
1、时间状语从句:引导时间状语从句的连词有when/while/as/as soon as/until/not…untill/before/after/since等。
例如:
When you leave,please take a raincoat with you.
As soon as she got home,she began to make dinner.
注意:
(1)while意为“当…期间”,从句中的谓语动词一般用进行时态。
例如:
Take notes while you are listening to the teacher.
(2)while侧重主句中谓语动词表示的动作或存在的状态与从句谓语动词所表示的动作或存在的状态的对比,常译为“而”。
例如:
He is a worker while I am a student.
(3)not…until,直到……才,主句谓语动词必须是非持续性动词而且主句是否定式,从句为肯定式。
例如:
He did not go to bed until his mother came.
(4)在时间状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来时间。
例如:
Mr smith will telephone you when he returns.
2、原因状语从句:引导原因状语从句的连词有:because/as/since等。
例如:
His sister is in bed because she is ill.
注意:含原因状语从句的复合句,有时可以转换为用so连接的并列句,故because和so不能同时出现在一个句子中。
例如:
He did not come here because he was busy.
He was busy,so he did not come here.
3、地点状语从句:引导地点状语从句的连词有where或wherever.
例如:
Where there is no air or water,noboday can live.
4、条件状语从句:引导条件状语从句的连词有if/unless等。
(1)在含有if引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句中,主句谓语部分通常含有will/shall或情态动词,从句用一般现在时表示将来时态。
例如:
We will go for a picnic if it dose not rain tomorrow.
(2)if……not常译作“如果不…”,相当于unless,unless含有否定意义,译作“假如不”,“除非”。
例如:
例如:
You will fail if you do not work hard.
You will fail unless you work hard.
(3)用if改写“祈使句+and+简单句”这一句子结构中的祈使句时,要在祈使句前加if you,并去掉并列连词and.
例如:
Study hard,and you will catch up with us.
If you study hard,you will catch up with us.
(4)用if……not改写“祈使句+or+简单句”这一结构中的祈使句时,要变祈使句为否定的条件状语从句,并去掉or.
例如:
Hurry,or you won′t catch the bus.
If you study hard ,you will catch up with us.
5、目的和结构状语从句:引导目的状语从句的连词有so that;引导结果状语从句的连词有so …that…,such…that….
(1)so是副词,修饰形容词或副词。
So +adj/adv+that
例如:the shoes are so small that I can not wear them.
(2)such是形容词,修饰名词。
Such+a/an+adj+n(可数名词单数)+that…
Such+adj+n(不可数名词单数,可数名词复数)+that…
例如:
She is such a lovely girl that we all like her.可改为:she is so lovely a girl that we all like her.
(3)如果名词前是表示多少的many/much/few/little等词时要用so.
例如:
I have so much money that we all like her.
(4)so …that的主从复合句在转换为简单句时,可选用下列四种结构。
Too…to do sth too…for sb to do
…enough to do sth enough for sb to do
例如:
Tom is so young that he can not join the army.
Tom is too young to join the army./tom is not old enough to jion the army.
The milk is so cool that we can drink it.
The milk is cool enough for us to drink.
6、比较状语从句:引导比较状语从句的连词有as…as,than等。
(1)表示甲乙在某一个方面相同时,用as+形容词/副词原级+as结构,表示甲在某一个方面不如乙时,用“not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as”结构。
例如:
John is as clever as tom.
He dose not run as/so fast as you .
(2)表示甲程度高于乙时,用“形容词、副词的比较级+than引导的”从句结构。
He si taller than I .
(3)两个比较对象要对等,即“应是句子中的同等成分进行比较”。
例如:
The weather in south is always hotter than that in north.
7、让步状语从句:引导让步状语从句的连词有though,although等。
例如:
They kept working on the farm though it was raining hard.=it was raining hard,but they kept working on the farm.
注意:though/although不能与并列连词but同时出现在一个句子中。
初中英语知识点总结 篇13
一、陈述句:
陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法(包括肯定和否定)的句子。通常用降调,句末用句号“.”。
Tom has a new car.汤姆有辆新车。
The flower isn’t beautiful.这花不美。
二、陈述句否定式的构成
1.如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。
He is playing the guitar.他正在弹吉他。(肯定)
He is not playing the guitar.他不在弹吉他。(否定)
We can get there before dark.天黑前我们能够到达那里。(肯定)
We can’t get thee before dark.天黑前我们不能到达那里。(否定)
2.如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时,则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don’t,doesn’t或didn’t。同时把该实义动词变为原形。
He plays the violin well.他小提琴拉的很好。(肯定)
He doesn’t play the violin well.他小提琴拉的不好。(否定)
She won the game.她赢得了比赛。588.es(肯定)
She didn’t win the game.她没赢比赛。(否定)
三、祈使句:
祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号“!”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。
1.肯定的祈使句:
(1)祈使句主语是you时,you常省略,但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。
Be quiet.请安静。
You be quiet!你给我安静点!
(2)“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求,do起强调作用。
Do come back at once!务必立即返回!
Do be careful.务必小心。
(3)please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气,但please用在句末时,必须用逗号与其余部分分开。
Open the window,please.请打开窗户。
(4)Let引导祈使句时,后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语,人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。
Let Jack wait a minute.让杰克等一会。
Let’s go to school.我们上学去吧。
(5)在祈使句中,Let’s和Let us是有区别的。Let’s包括说话者,而Let us不包括说话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。
Let’s go skating,shall we?咱们去溜冰吧,好吗?(表示内部的建议)
Let us try again,will you?让我们再试一次,好吗?(表示向别人发出请求)
一、一般疑问句:
(1)一般疑问句的肯定形式
一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have(有)开始,通常要求以yes,或no来回答的疑问句,一般疑问句读时通常用升调。
Do you know Mr.Smith?你认识史密斯先生吗?
Can you swim?你会游泳吗?
(2)一般疑问句的否定结构
①在一般疑问句的否定结构中,把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-n’t,则须将-n’t与一般疑问句句首的be,have,助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中,一般都采用简略式。
②与汉语不同的是,英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定,全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的,则用yes加肯定结构;若答语是否定的,则用no加否定结构。
Aren’t you a football fan?你不是足球迷吗?
Yes,I am.是的,我是。
No,I am not.不,我不是。
Won’t she like it?她会不喜欢吗?
Yes,she will.是的,她会(喜欢)的。
No,she won’t.不,她不会(喜欢)的。
二、特殊疑问句
用疑问代词疑问形容词或疑问副词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答,读时用降调。588.es
常见的疑问代词有what,which,who,whom,whose
常见的疑问形容词有what,which,whose
常见的疑问副词有when,where,why,how
三,选择疑问句:
选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况,让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接,or前面的部分读升调,or后面的部分读降调。
选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答,而必须具体的选择答复。
Is your bag yellow or black?It’s black.。
Would you like some tea or coffee?Either will do.。
Which do you like better,singing or dancing?I like dancing better.
四,反意疑问句:
反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句,问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定式必须缩写。
(1)肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句,否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。
I am your teacher,aren’t I?我是你的老师,对吗?
He didn’t study hard,did he?他学习不努力,对吗?
(2)如果陈述句中含有否定副词never(从不,决不),hardly(几乎不)或其他表示否定代词或形容词,如nothing,none no one,nobody,neither,few,little等,则附加问句只能用肯定式。如:
They hardly write to each other,do they?他们几乎不给对方写信,是吗?
He has found nothing,has he?他什么也没有找到,是吗?
Few people knew the secret,did they?很少有人知道这个秘密,是吗?
(3)当反意疑问句是“否定陈述句+肯定附加问句”时,英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况,若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”,答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”,而译成汉语时,则必须把yes译“不是”,把no译成“是的”。
You won’t be away for long,will you?你不会离开太久,是吗?
Yes,I will.不,我会离开很久。No,I won’t.是的,我不会离开很久。
I don’t think she’ll come by bike,will she?我认为她不会骑自行车,会吗?
Yes,she will.不,她会骑自行车来。No,she won’t.是的,她不会骑自行车来。
五,掌握由what,how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别
感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号“!”,读时用降调,感叹句往往由what或how引导,what修饰名词,how修饰形容词,副词或动词。
1.what引导的感叹句:
(1)what+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
What a beautiful city it is!多么美丽的一个城市啊!
What an interesting story she told!她讲了一个多么有趣的故事啊!
(2)what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
What expensive watches they are!多贵的手表啊!
What terrible weather it is!多么恶劣的天气啊!
2.How引导的感叹句:
(1)How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How cold it is!多冷啊!
How hard he works!他工作多么努力啊!
(2)How+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How he loves his son!他多么爱他的儿子啊!
How I miss you!我多想你啊!
(3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)
How tall a tree it is!多么高的一棵树啊!
How they cried!他们哭得多伤心啊!
(一)掌握时间和条件状语从句中的时态与主句时态的搭配
(1)时间状语从句:
引导时间状语从句的从属连词有when(当……时候),while(当,在……过程中),since(自从……以来),before(在……之前),after(在……之后),tell/until(直到……时),as soon as(一……就)。如果主句为一般将来时,则时间状语从句只能用一般现在时表示将来的意义。
He was reading the newspaper when I came in.当我进来时,他正在读报纸。
Keep an eye on my cat while I am away.我不在时,请照看一下我的猫。
Don’t talk so loud while others are studying.别人学习时不要大声说话。
It has been five years since she went abroad.她出国已有五年了。
He died before his son came back.他在他儿子回来之前就去世了。
I’ll show him around our factory as soon as he arrives.他一到达我就领他参观我们的工厂。
I’ll tell him about it as soon as I see him.我一见到他就告诉他。
(2)条件状语从句:引导条件状语从句的从属连词是if(如果)。如果主句是一般将来时,条件状语从句只能用一般现在时。
If you stay at home,I’ll go.如果你呆在家里,我就走。
If we don’t get up early,we won’t catch the train.如果我们不早起,我们就赶不上火车。
(二)掌握宾语从句的语序及其时态与主句时态的呼应
(1)宾语从句的语序:
宾语从句的语序一律使用陈述语序。尤其是在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时必须特别注意:
当宾语从句原为陈述句时,用that引导,语序不变。(注意时态的一致)
Tom isn’t a good student.The teacher told us…→
The teacher told us Tom wasn’t a good student.老师告诉我们汤姆不是一个好学生。
He has given up smoking.She said…→
She said he had given up smoking.她说他已经戒烟了。
当宾语从句原为一般疑问句时,用whether或if连接,语序变为陈述语序。
Is Jim a doctor?I wonder…→
I wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是个医生。
Does she dance well?Can you tell me…→
Can you tell me if she dances well?你能告诉我她舞跳的是否好吗?
当宾语从句原为特殊疑问句时,特殊疑问词即为连接词,语序变为陈述语序。
She asked me where you were going.她问我你去哪里。
She wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么。
(2)宾语从句的时态:
宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致。
如果主句是现在时态(包括一般现在时,现在进行时和现在完成时),宾语从句可以是实际需要的任何时态。
I am wondering whether he has come or not.我不知道他是否已经来了。(现在完成时)
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.请告诉我什么时候开会。(一般将来时)
I don’t know who they are talking about.我不知道他们正在谈论谁。(现在进行时)
I have heard the window was broken by John.我已经听说窗户是被约翰打破的。
如果主句是过去的时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时),宾语从句必须选用过去的某一时态(即一般过去时,过去将来时,过去进行时或过去完成时等)
He said he would kill her.他说他会杀了她。(过去将来时)
She told us Lucy had returned home.她告诉我们露茜已经回家去了。(过去完成时)
Mary was wondering who could answer the question.
玛丽想知道谁能回答这一问题。(一般过去时)
I didn’t told them where you were having the meeting.
我没有告诉他们你们正在哪儿开会。(过去进行时)
如果宾语从句表示的是科学其理、客观事实或格言警句等,则不管这句是何种时态,从句一律用一般现在时。
Granny told me that the earth moves around the sun.奶奶告诉我地球围绕太阳转。
She said a friend in need is a friend indeed.她说患难朋友才是真正的朋友。
(三)了解定语从句的构成基本形式及基本用法
(1)定语在句中是用来修饰名词或代词的,一般由形容词或与之相当的其它词类来充当。如果起修饰作用的是一个句子的时候,就叫作定语从句。但定语从句不是象形容词那样放于名词前,而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词。588.es
(2)定语从句的引导词有关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when,where,why,how。
1.that的先行词可以是人也可以是物。
A plane is a machine that can fly.飞机是一种会飞的机器。
I like the book(that)you lent me yesterday.我喜欢你昨天借给我的那本书。
2.which的先行词只能是物。
The book shop is a shop which sells book.书店是销售书的商店。
The book(which)I read last night was wonderful.我昨晚看的那本书很精彩。
3.who在定语从句中作主语;whom是who的宾格,在定语从句中作宾语;而whose则是形容词性物主代词,在从句中作定语。
The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend
昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。
Whos that woman(whom)you just talked to?
你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁?
This is our classmate,Mary,whose home is not far from our school.
这是我们的同学玛丽,她的家离我们学校不远。
4.关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.那是我们曾经住了十年的房子。
=That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.
(3)除关系代词外,还有关系副词when,where,why等也能引导定语从句。
1.when用来指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall
我永远也不会忘记我第一次到达长城的那天。
2.where则指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
This is the house where the old man lives.这就是那位老人住的房子。
3.why用来指原因,作原因状语。
That’s the reason why he didn’t come yesterday.那就是他昨天为什么没有来的原因。
初中英语知识点总结 篇14
1,一般加s,例如:pen---pens
2,以s,sh,ch,x结尾加es,例如:bus—buses,brush—brushes,watch—watches,box—boxes
3,以辅音字母加y结尾,去掉y为I加es例如:baby---babies
4,以f,fe结尾,去掉f,fe加ves life---lives,leaf---leaves
5,以有生命的o结尾加es例如:hero---heroes,tomato---tomatoes,potato---potatoes,mango---mangoes
6,复合名词遇见man,woman两个词时,两个名词都要加复数A man teacher---two men teachers
初中英语知识点总结 篇15
知识点总结
一、 形容词是用来描写或修饰名词或代词,说明人或事物的特征或性质的, 形容词往往被译成“···的”。用法如下:
1.做定语。e.g. This is an old house.
2.做表语。e.g.I am sorry to hear that.
3.做宾语不足语。e.g.She made her mother angry.
4.形容词在句中的位置。 形容词做定语修饰名词时,放在名词前面。修饰不定代词时要放在不定代词之后。
e.g.She is a clever girl.
I saw something white in the water.
5.某些形容词前加上定冠词the,可以代表一类人或东西,可以用作主语,宾语等。做主语时当复数看待。
e.g.The old are well looked after.
We all love the beautiful.
二、 形容词的等级变化
在英语中形容词有原级,比较级和最高级之分。原级就是它们的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化。
(一)形容词的比较级和最高级变化
1.规则变化
单音节词和部分双音节词
(1)一般在词尾加er,est. hard---harder---hardest great---greater---greatest
(2)以字母e结尾的加r,st. nice---nicer----nicest able---abler----ablest
(3)重读闭音节中末尾只有一个辅音字母时,双写辅音字母,再加er,est.
big---bigger---biggest (另外还有fat, red,hot,wet,sad,mad ,thin )
(4) 以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加 上 -ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最高级)
(5)双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。
例如: beautiful (原级) difficult (原级)
more beautiful (比较级) more difficult (比较级)
most beautiful (最高级) most difficult (最高级)
2、 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级:
原级 比较级 最高级
good better best
many more most
much more most
bad worse worst
little less least
ill worse worst
far farther(further) farthest(furthest)
三、形容词比较等级的用法:
1、形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较,其结构形式如下:
主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。例如:Our teacher is taller than we are. 我们老师的个子比我们的高。
比较级前面可以用even, still, yet , any, much, rather, a little, a lot, by far等修饰语用以加强语气或表示比较程度。
2、形容词最高级的用法: 形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较,形容词最高级 前必须加the,后面多用of……, in……短语表示范围:其结构形式为:
主语+谓语(系动词)+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。
She is the best student in her class. 她是班上最好的学生。
He is the tallest of the three boys.他是三个男孩中最高的一个。
四、 有关比较等级的特殊句型及应注意的问题
1. “比较级 + and + 比较级”或“more and more / less and less + 原级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get, become等。
She felt herself becoming more and more nervous.她觉得自己越来越紧张。
its getting colder and colder.天气越来越冷。
2. the + 比较级 + of the two + 名词。表示“两个中较···的一个
Jane is the taller of the two children in our family. Jane是我家两个孩子中较高的。
3. “the + 比较级……,the + 比较级……”,表示“越……,越……”。
The more magazines you sell, the more money you will get.你卖的杂志越多,你挣的钱就越多。
4.“...as + 形容词 + as...”或“...as + 形容词 + 名词 + as...”构成,表示同等比较。
常见考法
对于形容词的考查,多以单选或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用形容词的能力,尤其是在各种比较句型中灵活运用形容词。
例如: Which month is____, June, July or August?
A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. the hottest
解析:三者及以上比较用最高级形式,形容词最高级前必须加the,所以应用the hottest
误区提醒
在分辨比较等级时,对于易混淆形容词、副词,要谨慎对待。
典型例题:Dont just believe the ad.That kind of camera is it says.
A.as good as B.not so good as C.as well as D.not as well as
解析:根据第二句的谓语动词be可以确定空白处缺少表语。此处的表语应由形容词充当,而 well表示“好”是副词,因此排除 C和D;根据第一句的意思我们可以知道说话者的观点,故此排除A.
答案:B
初中英语知识点总结 篇16
1.“主语+谓语”(即“主谓”句型)
例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主语)“arrived”(谓语)。
2.“主语+谓语+宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)
例:I study English.分析:“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。
3.“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)
例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。
4.“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型)
例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。
5.“主语+系动词+表语”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn,look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。
例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。
初中英语知识点总结 篇17
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1、由who, whom, that,Whose引导的从句
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,who作主语指人,whom作宾语指人,that既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略),可以指人也可以指物。Whose 用来指人或物,只用作定语。
(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
(3) The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师
(4) he man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。
2、由which, that引导的从句
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,作宾语时可以省略,例如:
(1) Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在从句中作主语)
(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语)
注意: 代表物时多用which,但在下列情况中用that而不用which:
a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时;
b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时,这时的that常被省略;
c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时;
d)先行词中既有人又有物时;
e)整个句中前面已有which,who,that时;
f)当先行词为物并作表语时;
g)先行词为one时;
h)先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时;
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
1、when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用
I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
2、where指地点在定语从句中做地点状语 Shanghai is the city where I was born.
3、why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语 ,用在reason 后面。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
常见考法
对于定语从句的考查,多以单选的形式考查学生灵活运用的能力。一般情况下,常从关系词的意义和功能的角度考查,重点是that,which,who引导的定语从句。
典型例题:
You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.
A. who B. whom C. whom D. who
解析:先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为, whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略.第二个从句who could do it.who在从句中作主语,不可省略.
答案:D
误区提醒
当表示时间或地点的名词作先行词时,要判断出它们在从句中作状语还是主语或宾语。作状语时用关系副词,反之用关系代词。
典型例题:
I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
解析:两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句.
答案:A
初中英语知识点总结 篇18
在英语中,谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致。
1、以there或here引起的句子,谓语是be动词时,如果主语是并列的几个名词,谓语动词应和最靠近它的一个名词保持人称和数的一致。
例如:
There are two trees and a well behind the house.
Here is an apple,two oranges and some peaches for you.
2、由neither…nor/either…or/not only…but also/not…but等连接的名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词应与最靠近他的一个名词或代词保持人称和数上的一致。
例如:
Neither jack nor I have seen the film.
Either you or I am worry.
Not only you but also he comes here every day.
3、each和由some/any/one/every/构成的复合代词,都作单数看待,谓语动词应用单数形式。
例如:
Each of us has something to say .
Is everyboday ready?
Someboday is using the phone.
4、主语后接with/together with/as well as/but等短语作定语时,谓语形式不受定语的影响。
例如:
The teacher together with his students is going there on foot.
5、many a(许多)和more than one(不止一个)等作定语去修饰作主语的单数可数名词时,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
Many a way has been tried.
6、pair of等表示数量的名词短语修饰主语时,谓语的形式要与pair等名词形式一致。常见的有:pair of/kind of/type of/box of等。(但a lot of/lots of和a number of不属于这一类)。
例如:
There is a pair of shoes left.
7、从句或短语(包括不定式和动名词)作主语时,往往表达一种抽象概念,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
Waving hand is to say“goodbye”.
What he said is wrong.
8、maths/news/physics/the united states等单数概念,复数形式的名词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数。
例如:
The united states was founded in 1776.
9、时间、距离、金钱、重量、容量等名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
例如:
Twenty years is a long time.
Two hundreds dollars is a lot of money.
10、the number of+名词,谓语动词用单数:a number of+名词,谓语动词用复数。
初中英语知识点总结 篇19
1,一般加s,例如:pen---pens
2,以s,sh,ch,x结尾加es,例如:bus—buses,brush—brushes,watch—watches,box—boxes
3,以辅音字母加y结尾,去掉y为I加es例如:baby---babies
4,以f,fe结尾,去掉f,fe加ves life---lives,leaf---leaves
5,以有生命的o结尾加es例如:hero---heroes,tomato---tomatoes,potato---potatoes,mango---mangoes
6,复合名词遇见man,woman两个词时,两个名词都要加复数A man teacher---two men teachers
初中英语知识点总结 篇20
简单句的五种基本句型
1.“主语+谓语”(即“主谓”句型)
例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主语)“arrived”(谓语)。
2.“主语+谓语+宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)
例:I study English.分析:“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。
3.“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)
例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。
4.“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型)
例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。
5.“主语+系动词+表语”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。
例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。
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