含有 am is are的时候，使用缩写形式
如：I'm=I am；she's=she is；he's=he is；it's=it is；we're =we are；you're =you are；they're=they are；there're=there are；that's=that is；Sam's=Sam is
含有have，has以及他们的`过去式had的时候，常用缩写式
如：Weve got=we have got；You've got=you have got；they've got=they have got；she's got=she has got；he's got=he has got；it's got=it has got
含有not的时候，常用缩写形式
如：isn't=is not；aren't=are not；can't=can not；that's=that not；let's=let is；my name's=my name is
含有 would/ should/had l的时候，常用缩写形式
如：I'd=I would/should/had；You'd=You would/should/had；We'd=We would/should/had