【知识网络】
一、重点词汇与短语
1． take off的用法小结：
（1） take off=become successful or popular suddenly表示“突然急升，大受欢迎”的意思。
例如：
Sales of this kind of TV sets have taken off in recent weeks.
这款电视机的销售量最近几个星期上升非常快。
After this play, his career took off.
（演出）这部戏以后，他的事业（一下子）腾飞了。
（2）take off=(of plane) leave the ground and begin to fly：表示“（飞机）起飞”。例如：
The plane took off despite of the heavy rain.
尽管天在下着大雨，飞机还是起飞了。
（3）take off=remove 表示“脱去，移去”。例如：
People will take their clothes off before having a shower. 洗澡前脱衣服。
Who took the handle off the door?
是谁把把手从门上拿走的？（注意：此句中的off为介词，以上句子中的off为副词。）
（4）take off还有“在（某期间）休息、减价”的意思。例如：
I’d like to take a month off. 我想休一个月的假。
They are taking 50% off all goods in that shop.
那家商店的所有商品打五折。
2．go: 作为系动词的用法：
作为系动词go常常表示不好的变化。如go mad/bad/blind/hungry/red/wrong等等。
例如：
Fish goes bad easily in summer.
夏天鱼很容易变质。
After that terrible experience, he went mad.
那次可怕的经历以后，他疯掉了。
He went red with anger because of what he saw there.
在那里看到的东西气得他脸都红了。
The machines that we bought yesterday went wrong.
我们昨天买的机器出故障了。
拓展：
（1）作为系动词，turn也可以在后面接形容词做表语，但它经常表示“从某种状态向其对应的状态变化的自然现象”。例如：
The weather has turned much warmer.
天已经变得温暖多了。
注意：turn后面还可以接名词的原形作表语。例如：
That poor boy turned writer twenty years later.
二十年后，那个穷孩子成为一名作家。
（2）become作为系动词使用时，强调变化过程的持续性。例如：
Gradually the boy became silent.
那个男孩渐渐变得沉默寡言了。
注意：become后也可以接名词作表语，但它后面的名词为普通用法。例如：
That poor boy became a writer twenty years later.
二十年后，那个穷孩子成为一名作家。
You will become a college student if you study hard.
如果努力学习，你会成为一名大学生的。
（3）get作为系动词使用时，强调事件的施动者的作用或变化的结果。例如：
Hearing that, he got excited.
听到这件事，他激动起来。
（4）come大都表示向好的方面变化。例如：
His dream came true after years of hard work.
经过多年的辛苦工作，他的梦想实现了。
二、词义辨析
1． reason, cause与excuse的区别：
cause, reason与excuse这组同义词的一般含义是“原因”或“理由”
（1）cause用于表示具有明显因果关系的原因，是某一结果的“起因”；reason有时能与cause换用，但上下文必须有能够查得出的或可以解释得出的因果关系，表示“导致某种结果/做出某种行为的理由”。如果某“结果”是不言而喻的，也可以用reason表示“原因”。
例如：
Was the noise a cause of the illness, or were the complaints about noise merely a symptom?
噪音是病因呢，还是对噪音的抱怨仅仅是一种症状呢？
Every effect must have an adequate cause.
每一种结果都必须有充分的原因。
They are trying to find out the reason (or cause) of the terrible fire.
他们正在努力查寻那次可怕的火灾的原因。
The airport was built during the war, but for some reason it could not be used then.
这个飞机场是在大战期间建造的，但是由于某种原因当时没有能够使用。
The reason for this is that this plane is also a bicycle.
其原因是，这架飞机又是一辆自行车。
（2）excuse指“（为免受指责和推卸责任而找到的）理由，借口”。例如：
Too much work is no excuse for not studying.
工作太忙不能成为不学习的理由。
Have you any excuse to offer for frequent absence from collective practice?
你经常不参加集体训练有什么理由解释吗?
“I will not listen to any excuse,” Mr. Black stopped her.
“我不想听任何借口。”布莱克先生阻止她说。
（3）cause还可以作为动词使用，意思是“引起；使；促成”。例如：
The heavy rain caused the flood. 大雨引起了洪水。
The wound isn't serious, but may cause some discomfort.
伤口并不严重,但可能会引起一些不舒适。
（4）excuse 可以作为动词，常与for连用。意思是“宽恕；原谅；辩解；开脱”。例如：
Please excuse me. 请原谅。
Please excuse me for being late. 对不起，我迟到了。
She said 'Excuse me' when she stepped on my foot.
她踩了我的脚时说了声'对不起'。
Nothing will excuse his cruelty to his children.
任何事都不能开脱他虐待儿童的罪行。
2．live, alive, living, lively的区别：
这几个词都与“活“有关，其区别如下：
（1）live作为形容词，意思是“活的，有生命的，现场直播的”。表示“现场直播”还可以作为副词使用。表示“活的，有生命的”，主要作定语；常用来修饰物，不能指人。
例如：
There is a live fish in the basket. 篮子里有一条活鱼。
It was not a recorded show; it was live.
"那不是录音节目,是实况转播。"
That program is broadcast live.
那个节目是现场直播的。
（2）alive: 通常作表语、宾语补足语或后置定语，意思是“活的，有生命的”。
例如：
The fish we caught is still alive. 我们捉的鱼还活着。
In most cases, both parents were still alive and still married to each other.
大多数情况下,他们的父母都还活着,而且仍然保持着婚姻关系。
（3）living：通常作表语或者前置定语，意思是“活着的，有生命的；逼真的”。
例如：
The living are more important to us than the dead. （注意：the+adj.此处等于名词，指“在世的人”） 对我们来说在世的人比去世的人更重要。
She has no living relatives.
她没有还健在的亲戚。
She is the living image of her young mother.
她活像她母亲年青时的样子。
The old lady is still living at the age of 108.
那位老太太已经108岁，仍然健在。
（4）lively：意思是“活泼的；生气勃勃的”。常作前置定语和表语。
例如：
A lively person is full of life and is always doing things.
一个生气勃勃的人，总是充满活力并且总在做事。
Children usually have a lively imagination.
儿童们往往有丰富的想像力。
三、重点句型
1．When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said that he owes much of his success and happiness to his wife and children.
此句中，when引导的时间状语也是由从句省略而成的；另外，somebody owe something to somebody是一个重要词组，意思是“把某事归功于某人”。例如：
I owe my success to Mr. Zhao. 我把成功归功于赵先生。
2．She becomes very worried and determined to bring Huike back safely.
动词determine后面可以接不定式，表示“决定做某事”；我们还可以用determine的过去分词作动词使用，构成短语be determined to do something，意思也是“决定做某事”。但是，前者强调动作而后者强调状态。
例如：
They were all determined to go there the next Sunday.
他们决定下个星期日到那里去。
3．Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.
此句中包含有两个动词的-ing形式，第一个“having good table manners”作主语；第二个“knowing, for example, how to use …”作宾语。
四、语法复习
定语从句复习 第二部分：
1．关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的词，在从句中作状语。
（1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。
例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must give in. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Shandong is the place where (in which) I was born. 山东是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) they didn’t come ? 这就是他们不来的理由吗？
（2） that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后面，取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，
例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived twenty years ago. 他不大可能找到他二十年前居住过的地方。
（3）在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，选择介词一般依据以下几个原则：
①根据先行词来选择介词。例如：
The pencil with which I wrote my homework was very long.
我用来写作业的那支铅笔很长。
②根据从句的动词来选择介词。例如：
The girl to whom you spoke at the lecture hall yesterday is the most beautiful girl in our class（speak与to搭配，表示“给某人说话”）
昨天在讲座厅你给她说话的那个女孩是我们班最漂亮的。
③根据意义来选择介词。例如：
He made a telescope, through which he could study the skies.
他做了一架望远镜，通过这架望远镜他能够研究天空。
My glasses, without which I was almost blind, fell to the ground and broke.
我的眼镜掉在地上摔碎了，没有眼镜我几乎什么都看不见。
2．定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的部分，不可以去掉；非限制性定语从句是对主句的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，
例如：
This is the car which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那辆车。（限制性定语从句，不可省略）
He was the only person who/that could unlock the door.
他是唯一一个能够打开那扇门的人。（限制性定语从句，不可省略）
The house, which we bought last year, is very large.这幢房子面积很大，是我们去年买的。（非限制性定语从句，可以省略）
3．由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可以代整个主句。在句中可以作主语、宾语、或者表语，二者经常可以互换；但as可以放在句首或者插入句中、放在句尾，which只能放在句尾。
例如：
She failed in the exam, which/as was natural.
她考试不及格，这很自然。
As we know, the earth goes around the sun.
正如我们都知道的，地球围绕着太阳运转。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
太阳给地球热量，这一点对于我们非常重要。
Mr. Zhang, as we all know, is an honest person.
正如我们大家都知道的，张先生是个老实人。
特别注意：as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都可以指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
（1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 例如：
As we can see, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.（as在从句中作宾语）
正如我们可以看到的，海洋覆盖了地球的百分之七十以上。
（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语经常用行为动词的被动语态形式；若为行为动词的主动语态，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
例如：
As is expected, they arrived on time.
正如所预料到的，他们按时到达了。
They are hollow, which makes them very light. （从句的谓语动词为makes，所以只能用which。）它们是中空的，这一点使得它们的重量很轻。
（3）as常和动词expect, see, say, hope, happen, know等连用。当从句和主句语义一致时，as常翻译成“正如”。
例如：
As often happens, he is late again.
正如经常发生的，他又迟到了。
The Great Wall, as is well-known, is one of the wonders in the world.
众所周知/正如大家都知道的，长城是世界上的奇迹之一。
（4）注意：as与the same, such 等连用时，引导的定语从句不是代表整个主句。例如：
Such people as you described just now are common these days.= People such as you described just now are common these days.
像你刚才描述的那种人这些日子很常见。
They have the same problems as you do.
他们遇到了和你们相同的问题。
4．关系副词和人称代词、指示代词的区别：
在高考中，经常把关系代词和人称代词、指示代词一起安排在选项里面。要做对这些题目，就必须从分析句子结构入手。如果两句之间有逗号隔开而且没有其它连词，就要选关系代词；如果第二个分句中有连词，两句之间有分号或者句号，则是并列句，就应该选人称代词或者指示代词。
例如：
It was carved in rock and had on the outside four large statues, each of which was 20 meters high.
It was carved in rock and had on the outside four large statues and each of them was 20 meters high.
它是被雕刻在岩石上的，在它表面有四个大石头雕像，每个都高达20米。
【考点透视 考例精析】
[考点] 考查定语从句引导词的选择。
[考例1] The film brought the hours back to me ___________ I was taken care of in that far-away village. (NMET2001)
A．until B．that C．when D．where
[解析]Ｃ本句的意思是“这部电影把我带回到我在那个偏远的村子里由别人照顾的日子里。”空格里应该选择关系副词when，它引导定语从句修饰hours，同时when在从句中作时间状语。
[考点] 考查序数词前的冠词用法。
[考例2] The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have _______ third one because ________ second one is rather too small.
A．a, a B．the, the C．a, the D．the, a
[解析]Ｃ序数词前使用不定冠词表示“又一个，再一个”的意思，相当于another，不是强调顺序的，而定冠词放在序数词前强调顺序。
[拓展] 序数词前选用冠词问题是一个常考到的类型。不定冠词表示“在原提到的数量基础上的又一个，另一个”，翻译时要注意。再如：
He has tried three times but failed, but he has decided to try a fourth time.
他已经试验过三次都失败了，但是他决定要再试一次。
[考点]考查具体语境中动词的选择。
[考例3] --Will you go to study in Australia next fall?
--No, I can not __________ the right cost.
A．spare B．share C．spend D．afford
[解析] Ｄ本题中的四个动词的含义及用法各不相同。Spare表示“节省”；share表示“分享”；spend表示“花费”；而afford表示“花费得起，付得起”。只有D项符合题意：“我付不起相关费用”。注意：afford常与can/could连用。
【基础演练】
一、据所给首字母或括号中的汉语意思填写句子空格中所缺的单词。
1． He is one of the d__________ of the famous film.
2．She had to make a c__________ between the two dresses.
3．I've received a gift from him, but I'm not going to a__________ it.
4． What were your first i_________ of London?
5．Traffic in the city was i__________ by a snowstorm.
6．Because of his father’s help, he succeeded in his __________(职业)。
7．But when ____________(工业) became more important than agriculture in American life, families became smaller.
8．The little boy _________（表现）with great courage in the face of the gunman.
9．He made a _________ (评价) about the bad road.
10．Deaf people and dumb people are _________（残疾的）too.
二、单项填空：
1．Though Mr. Smith has tried many ways, he still __________ a job in the city.
A．failed finding B．failed to find C．missed to find D．lost to find
2．When the village ___________ storm, my friends were staying in it, which made me feel worried.
A．was beaten of B．was attacked with
C．was knocked on D．was hit by
3．Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class was ______ he had to meet his uncle at the air port. [06 重庆卷]
A．why B．that C．where D．because
4．Do you know the boy __________ under the big tree?
A．lay B．lain C．laying D．lying
5．Do you still remember the chicken farm _______ we visited three months ago? (NMET2005, 春季北京)
A．where B．when C．hat D．what
6．The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _________ the sailing time was 226 days. (NMET 全国卷I，28)
A．of which B．during which C．from which D． for which
7．It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ________ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup. (NMET2000, 春季北京)
A．that B．while C．which D．when
8．Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _________ was very reasonable. (2000年上海，28)
A．which price B．the price of which
C．its price D．the price of whose
9．The wrong you’ve done him is terrible, ________ you should make an apology to him, I think.
A． to which B．for which C．to what D．for that
10．--Can you tell me where he once lived?
--Oh, it’s the very house __________ you have just visited.
A．what B．that C．where D．in which
【能力拓展】
You might not know it, but there is something wonderful at your fingertips. You can make people happier, healthier and more hard-working just by touching their arms or holding their hands.
Doctors say that body touch is a kind of medicine that can work wonders. When people are touched, the quantity of hemoglobin--a type of matter that produces the red color in blood--increases greatly. This results in more oxygen reaching every part of the body and the whole body benefits. In experiments, bottle-fed baby monkeys were separated from their mothers for the first ten days of life. They became sad and inactive. Studies showed the monkeys were more probable to become ill than other babies that were allowed to stay with their mothers.
Human babies react in much the same way. Some years ago, a scientist noticed that some well-fed babies in a clean nursery became weak. Yet babies in another nursery were growing healthily, even though they ate less well and were not kept as clean. The reason, he concluded, was that they often had touches from nurses.
Experiments show that most people like being touched. And nearly all doctors believe touch helps to reduce patients’ fear of treatment. Of course there is time when a touch is not welcome. But even if we don't like being touched, a smile can make us feel better. Smiling increases blood flow and starts the production of "happy brain" chemicals.
So let's have a big smile and don't forget to keep "in touch".
1．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A．Everyone knows that body contact can make people happier.
B．People may work harder because of body contact.
C．Your fingertips can do something wonderful.
D．People may not understand the importance of touching.
2．According to the passage, _________.
A．human brains need oxygen and blood supply now and then
B．touches from doctors and nurses have nothing to do with treatment
C．new-born baby monkeys should stay away from their mothers
D．not all people like being touched
3．The underlined word "benefits” in the second paragraph probably means"_____”.
A．becomes useful or helpful B．gets something useful or helpful
C．falls ill D．gets hurt
4．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Comfortable Touch B．Smile
C．Wonders of Touch D．Keep in Touch
参考答案
高一部分
Units 5-6 (B1)
基础演练
一、1． directors 2．choice 3．accept 4．impression 5．interrupted 6．career
7．industry 8．behaved 9．comment 10． disabled
二、1-5 BDBDC 6-10 ADBBB
能力拓展
1-４ ADBC
1．A 这是一个全文理解题。根据文章的意思，并非每个人都明白这个道理。
2．D 倒数第二段主要讨论了这个问题。大多数人喜欢，但并非所有人都喜欢。
3．B 这是一个根据上下文猜测意思的题目。根据文章的意思，就是“对…有益处/有好处”。
4．C 这是一个判断文章标题的题目，答案从全文得出。