Reading: Give a man a fish
1. severity (L2 P2) n. 严肃;严格;严重;激烈
e.g. punish sb. with severity 严厉地惩罚某人
acts of severity 激烈的行为
the severity of the winter 冬天的严寒
severe adj. 严厉的, 严格的, 剧烈的, 严重的, 严峻的
e.g. be severe with/on sb. 对某人很严厉
a severe storm/ competition 猛烈的暴风雨/激烈的竞争
severe pain/injuries 剧痛/重伤
speak in a severe voice 以严峻的口吻说话
a severe test of our loyalty 对我们忠诚的严峻考验
2. shock (L2 P2) v. 使震惊，惊骇
e.g. The picture of the bus crash shocked all the people at the conference.
I was shocked at the news that Sanlu powered milk products were found to be contaminated by melamine.
Everyone was shocked by his sudden death.
n. 震惊；惊愕
e.g. Her unexpected death came to us as a shock.
She said the scary movie gave her the shock of her life.
3. intend v. (L6 P2)
intend to do sth. 打算做某事 intend sb. to do sth. 打算让某人做某事
intend for… 打算供...使用 intend that … had intended… 本打算
e.g. He intends to study abroad next year. 他打算明年到国外留学。
He intends his son to manage the company. 他打算让儿子经营公司。
The book is intended for beginners. 本书是为初学者编写的。
They intend that the plan should be put into practice within the year.
= They intend the plan to be put into practice within the year. 他们打算在本年内实行该计划。
I had intended to go to your party yesterday but an unexpected guest visited me.
我本打算昨天去参加你的晚会的，但我有个不速之客。
4. put pressure on sb. (L9 P2) 给…施加压力
put sb. under pressure (to do sth.) 迫使某人（做某事）
under pressure 在压力下；迫不得已
under the pressure of … 在……逼迫下，在……的压力下
e.g. Customer complaints put great pressure on the company to improve their products and services.
顾客投诉迫使公司改进其产品及服务。
They put pressure on me to sell my precious land. 他们给我施加压力要我卖掉宝贵的土地。
The army put pressure on the enemy, and forced them to fall back. 军队给敌人施加压力迫使他们后退。
work under pressure 在压力下工作
5. on top of (L14 P2) adv. 在...之上; 另外，此外（通常指不愉快的事情）
e.g. Put this record on top of the others. 把这张唱片放在其他唱片上面。
He had a bad week. He lost his job, and on top of that, his car was stolen.
这一周他过得很糟糕。他丢了工作，不但如此，他的车还被偷了。
(be/feel) on top of the world 非常愉快或自豪(尤指因获成功或好运)
I'm on top of the world. 我高兴极了。
6. claim (L15 P2)
(1) vt.夺去（生命）；（事物）要求…,值得
e.g. The earthquake claimed over fifty thousand lives. 那次地震夺走了五万多人的生命。
His speech claims our attention. 他的演讲值得我们注意。
(2) v./n. (根据权利)要求, 认领, 声称, 主张, 需要
e.g. Have you claimed for damages? 你要求损害赔偿金了吗？
She claims that she is related to the Queen.
= She claims to be related to the Queen. 她声称和女王有亲属关系。
They have no claim on us. 他们没有向我们提出要求的权利。
He has the best claim to the honor. 他最有资格获得这荣誉。
lay claim to sth. 声称对某事有权利 e.g. lay claim to a property 声称对财产有权利
7. crisis (L20 P2) n. (pl. crises) 危机, 恐慌；转折点, 决定性时刻
e.g. a financial/political/domestic crisis 财政/政治/国内危机
come to/reach a crisis 陷入危机
pass a crisis 渡过危机, 脱离危险期
In times of crisis it’s good to have a friend to turn to. 危难时好在有朋友可以投奔。
8. target (L21 P2)
(1) vt. 瞄准; 把...作为目标[对象];为...定指标(常用被动)
target sth. at / on sth.
e.g. missiles targeted at/on Britain 瞄准英国的导弹
a sales campaign targeted at the youth market 面向青年人市场的大推销
What type of reader is the new magazine targeting? 新杂志的目标读者是哪种？
(2) n. 目标, 对象, 靶子;指标, 定额
e.g. become the target of scorn 成为受轻蔑的对象
set a target for production 制定生产指标
His target was to win the tennis tournament. 他的目标是要赢得网球锦标赛。
meet one’s export targets 达到出口指标
Production so far this year is on/off target. 今年到目前为止生产已达到/未达到指标。
target language 目标语，被译成的语言
9. risk (L21 P2)
(1) n. 风险，危险，冒险
e.g. at risk 在危险中
at all risks (=at any risk) 无论冒什么危险; 无论如何
at one's own risk (损失、风险等)由自已负责
at the risk of … 冒...之险; 不顾...之风险
run/take the risk of doing sth. 冒险做某事
take no risk 慎重行事
(2) vt. 冒...的危险; 冒险干; 赌注于 risk (doing) sth.
e.g. risk getting caught in a storm 冒遭遇风暴之险
risk one's fortune [health, life] 冒着财产[健康, 性命]风险
10. without (a) doubt (L25 P2) = without question; certainly; definitely无疑地；确实地；肯定地
beyond/ out of doubt : (= no doubt) adv. 无疑地；确实地
There is no doubt that …… 毫无疑问……
e.g. Without doubt you are right. 无疑地你是对的。
Beyond doubt, he will recover. 他会康复，这是毫无疑问的。
If you have doubts about the trip, you can ask your tour guide.
如果您对旅行有疑问的话，您可以咨询导游。
v. It is human to doubt. 怀疑是人的天性。
Do you doubt what he said at the meeting? 你怀疑他在会议上所讲的话吗？
I do not doubt that he’ll come. 我确信他会来。
I doubt whether/if he will keep his word. 我怀疑他是否会遵守诺言。
11. at the/a crossroads (L28 P2) 在十字路口;面临抉择的关头, 处于重要转折点
e.g. stand/be at the/a crossroads 处于重大的转折点
12. merely (L30 P3) adv. only; simply 仅; 只; 不过
e.g. She was frightened of the big dog, even though it merely barked at her.
她非常害怕这只大狗，尽管它只是朝她叫了一声。
This is merely a made-up story. Do not take it too seriously. 这仅仅是一个编造的故事，不必当真。
13. long-term(L31 P3) 长期有效的 (反) short-term
a long-term investment 长期投资
in the long/ short term/run 从长远/短期的观点看
in terms of 以…的观点；就…而说
come to terms with 与…达成协议
on equal terms 同等关系
14. switch (L33 P3) vt. 拧动(电钮等); 转变, 改变 n. 开关；(突然的)改变，转变
e.g. switch the light on/off 开/关电灯
Let’s switch seats. 我们交换一下座位吧。
switch the discussion to another topic 换一个讨论题目
You drive first and then we’ll switch round/over. 你先驾驶，过一会咱们再换着开。
switch (make a switch) from publishing to teaching 由出版工作改为教学工作
15. dependent (L40 P3) adj. 依靠的, 依赖的; 由...决定的, 随...而定的 (反) independent
e.g. be dependent on one’s parents 依靠父母
Success is dependent on how hard you work. 成功取决于努力的程度。
dependence (U)n. 依靠，依赖；信赖，信任 (反) independence
16. conventional (L52 P3) adj. 惯例的, 常规的, 习俗的, 传统的
e.g. She is so conventional in her views. 她的观点太保守。
conventional weapons 常规武器
a conventional design 传统图案
17. fill one’s belly (L60 P3) 填饱肚子
18. artificial (L3 P5) adj. 人造的，人工的，仿造的；不自然的，虚假的
e.g. artificial snow 人造雪
an artificial satellite/flower 人造卫星/人造花
an artificial smile 不自然的微笑
artificial manners 矫揉造作的态度
Grammar and Task
19. in debt (P9) 欠债 （= in the red） out of debt 不欠债
debt n. 债；债务 pay off one’s debts 还清债务
e.g. If I pay all my debts, I shall have no money left.如果我还清了所有的债，我就一分钱不剩了。
20. repay v. (pt, pp repaid repaid)
(1) repay sth. (to) sb.付，还（钱）；偿还某物
e.g. repay a debt/ loan 清偿债务/贷款
If you lend me $2, I’ll repay it (to you) tomorrow. 你要是借我两美元，我明天就还给你。
(2) repay sb. (for sth.) 以某物酬报某人
repay sb. (with sth.) 报答某人某事物
e.g. How can I repay (you for) your kindness? 我怎么能报答你的恩惠呢？
The firm repaid her hard work with a bonus. 公司发给她奖金以酬谢她工作努力。
repayment n. 偿还，回报；偿还之物，付还之款
21. finance n. [U] 财政，财务
e.g. an expert in finance 财政专家
the Minister of Finance 财政部长
[pl.] finances 财政状况；收入 e.g. Our firm’s finances are not sound. 我们公司的财政不健全。
v. 提供资金给…
e.g. The scheme is partly financed by the local government. 此计划有一部分是当地政府资助的。
financial adj. 财务的，金融的 in financial difficulties 处于财务困难之中
22. weaken vt.（使）变弱，削弱 (反) strengthen
e.g. Hunger and disease has weakened his constitution. 他饥饿与疾病交加，体质已削弱。
My eyes have weakened recently. 我的视力最近变弱了。
weak adj. 弱的，虚弱的；衰弱的；软弱的，懦弱的
e.g. She is still weak after her long illness. 久病之后她仍很虚弱。
He is a man of weak character. 他这人性格软弱。
He is weak in maths, but good at English. 他数学差，但英语好。
weakness n. [U.]虚弱，软弱/ [ C]弱点e.g. We all have our weaknesses. 我们大家都有不足之处。
23. campaign vi.发起运动
campaign for/against sb./sth. 参加或领导一战役或运动
e.g. She spent her life campaigning for women’s rights. 她毕生致力于女权运动。
n. the Huaihai Campaign 淮海战役
a political campaign 政治运动
辨析：battle, fight, campaign, war
battle 指有组织的武装部队之间的战斗。
campaign指在某一地区所作的一连串有固定目的军事行动，往往可包括许多battle。
fight 指“打斗”行为，“打架”。
war 指两国或国内政治派别间使用武装力量。
24. squeeze n. (1)紧迫状态，拮据，困境；(金融)紧缩(通常用单数)
e.g. be in a tight squeeze 陷入困境
(2) 紧握，紧抱
e.g. He gave his wife a gentle squeeze. 他温柔地紧抱妻子。
v. 压榨，压挤，拧干 squeeze out my wet clothes 拧干湿衣服
squeeze a lemon 榨柠檬
squeeze one’s way 推开别人通过，勉强通过，挤过
25. casual adj.偶然的；碰巧的；漫不经心的；临时的
e.g. a casual meeting/answer 偶然的相会/随口而出的答复
casual clothes/expenses 便服/临时费用
26. handy adj.手边的，随手可用的 handier, handiest
e.g. a handy tool 方便的工具
be handy for sb. 对某人很方便
e.g. Our flat is very handy for the schools. 我们的住所离学校很近，非常方便。
27. show off (P11) 炫耀自己的能力、财富、智慧等
e.g. The child danced around the room, showing off to everybody.
那个小孩满屋子跳舞，向大家显摆一番。
拓展：show sb. in/ out/ through/ into the room 领某人进入/出来/通过/进入房间
show sb. around 领某人参观
show sth. to sb. /show sb. sth. 给某人看某物
show up 出席，到场
on show 展出，陈列
Project
28. set (L4 P14) v. 调整，安排
e.g. set my alarm for 6 o’clock 把闹钟调到六点
set the table 摆好桌子
set the date for the wedding 安排婚期
29. bare (L4 P14) adj.
(1)无遮蔽的；赤裸的；基本的
a tree bare of leaves 没有树叶的树
the bare necessities of life 最起码的生活必需品
bare facts 简单明了的事实;事实真相
Don't walk on that broken glass with bare feet. 不要光着脚走在那些碎玻璃上。
(2)空的 a bare room (没有家具的)空房间
(3)仅有的 A bare word would be enough. 只要一句话就够了。
He earns a bare living by his work. 他工作收入仅够维持生活。
barely adv. 光秃秃地，空空地；仅够，几乎没有
e.g. We barely had time to catch the train. 我们几乎来不及赶火车。
30. put sth into practice (L21 P14) 将…付诸实施
e.g. We must put our plans into practice. 我们必须将计划付诸实行。
in practice 实际上; 在不断练习中;
Practice makes perfect. [谚]熟能生巧。
辨析：practice, exercise, drill 都含“实践”、“练习”的意思
practice 指“为一目的或使技能达到熟巧而进行体力或智力方面的反复实践”
e.g. He does his practice on the violin every day. 他天天练小提琴。
exercise 指“体力或智力的反复运用以发挥力量或增进健康”
e.g. grammatical exercises 语法练习
drill 指“反复不断地进行某种特殊练习, 以锻炼身心而养成正确的习惯”
e.g. pattern drills 句型操练
31. in danger (L26 P14) 在…危险之中
out of danger 脱离危险
e.g. The bridge is in danger of collapse. 桥要塌了。
endanger v. 危及，危害；使遭到危险
e.g. Smoking endangers your health. 吸烟危害健康。
an endangered species 面临绝种危险的动物 (= in danger of becoming extinct )
32. require (L15 P14) vt
(1) 需要 require sb. to do; sth require doing sth.= sth require to be done.
e.g. The floor requires washing. 地板该洗了。
I require two children to help me. 我需要两个孩子来帮我的忙。
(2) 要求require sth. of sb.对某人有...的要求
require that ...(should)+v.
e.g. We did all that was required of us. 我们做了要求我们所做的一切。
The emergency requires that it should be done. 情况紧急, 非这样做不可。
requirement n. 必需品；必要条件
meet one’s requirements 满足某人的条件
fulfill the requirements of the government 履行政府的规定
33. power (L32 P14)
vt.供以动力, 使有力量 power electrical equipment 为电器供电
n (1) 体能；智能；能力
labour power劳动力
have the power to see in the dark 具有在黑暗中能看见东西的本领
(2) 权力;势力；影响力
military power 军事力量
Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。
(3)有权力的人；强国 the great world powers 世界列强
辨析：power / force / strength
power侧重于权力
force 指"运用或发挥出来的力量, 可以克服阻力, 使人或物按要求方向运动", 如:
strength 侧重于指体力，力气, 如:
34. foreseeable (L45 P14) adj.可预知的, 能预测的, 能看透的
in the foreseeable future 不久，在短期内
foresee v. (pt, pp foresaw-foreseen)
foresee the rapid increase in unemployment 预知失业人数激增
35. contribute to (L49 P14)
(1)捐献［赠］， 出钱
contribute to the Red Cross 向红十字会捐献
(2)有助于, 促成, 是…的成因之一
Drink contributed to his ruin. 酗酒促使他毁灭。
(3)投稿
He contributed an article to China Daily. 他为《中国日报》撰写一篇文章。
(4)出力， 做出贡献
The Song Dynasty contributed three great inventions to the world civilization.
宋朝为世界文明贡献出三大发明。
36. push for (L52 P14) 努力争取
push one's plan 大力实施自己的计划
push a campaign 大力推进一场运动
push one's way through a crowd 从人群中挤出
push sb. to do sth.=push sb into doing sth. 催促某人做某事
push away 推开
push ahead with 继续推行（计划等）
37. alternative (L54 P14) adj. 随便一个的；二者择一的
e.g. The way was blocked, so we went by an alternative road.
这条路被挡住了，因此我们走了另一条路。
find alternative means of transport
另找一个运输方法
n. 可能性中的选择；可能性之一
e.g. You have the alternative of speaking or of keeping quiet. 你或者发言，要不然就保持肃静。
We have no alternative but to go on. 除了继续下去,我们没有选择的余地。
alternate adj. 交替的，轮流的
e.g. She works on alternate days. 她隔日工作。
Night and day alternate.＝Day alternates with night. 昼夜交替。
辨析：alternative, choice 和selection
alternative一般强调在几种可能性或者行为方式之间所做的选择。
choice泛指从一组人或物中进行自由选择，指选择，挑选，抉择。
selection 含有可供选择的许多不同的人或物的意思，尤指选拔。
38.conscious (L59 P15) adj.
(1) 有意识的；神志清醒的
He is hurt but still conscious. 他受了伤，不过神志还清醒。
(2)了解的；察觉的
be conscious of one's shortcomings 意识到自已的缺点
I am conscious that I have done right. 我相信自己做得不错。
39.nevertheless (L98 P15) adv尽管如此；不过；可是；然而
e.g. He succeeded nevertheless. 不过他还是成功了。
He's stupid, but I like him nevertheless. 他是很笨，然而我喜欢他。
conj.(尽管如此)还是, 然而, 不过
We are going nevertheless we shall return. 我们要走了, 不过我们还要回来。
She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working. 她虽然很疲倦, 然而她却继续工作。