一、. 重点、难点
名词性从句
(一)宾语从句
关于宾语从句需要掌握以下几点:
1. 连接词:宾语从句的连接词由从句的句子类型决定
(1)that:当从句为一个陈述句时用that引导出宾语从句,它在句中不充当任何成份,在口语中常可以省略。但如果含有两个以上的宾语从句,只有引导第一个宾语从句的that可以省略,引导其余的宾语从句的that均不可省略;从句与主句的谓语之间被其他词隔开时,that不可省略。
eg.
He said(that)there wasn’t any trouble and that he was waiting for his charge .
他说没有什么只不过是在等着找零钱。
He told us once again that this would never happen .
他再次告诉我们这件事不会发生。
(2)whether与if:当宾语从句为一般疑问句时用if或whether来引导,它们通常可以互换。whether可和or not连用,而if不可。宾语从句是否定时,一般用if。用if引导宾语从句,如果引起歧义,应用whether,而避免用if。
eg.
Do you know whether / if John has finished writing his diary ?
你知道约翰写完他的日记了吗?
I wonder whether it is true or not . 我不知道这事儿是否真实。
I don’t care if it doesn’t rain . 我不在乎天下不下雨。
Please let me know whether you are coming . 请让我知道是否你要来。
(3)特殊疑问词:当宾语从句为特殊疑问句时,要用特殊疑问词引导。
eg.
I don’t know what you are talking about . 我不知道你在谈论什么。
He told us how he came here . 他告诉我们他是怎样来这儿的。
(4)另外,带有宾语补足语的宾语从句常用it作形式宾语,而把宾语从句放在补语之后,且that不可省。
eg.
He found it necessary that he should learn English well .
他发现他要把英语学好是很有必要的。
2. 语序:宾语从句要使用陈述句语序
3. 时态:宾语从句的时态由主句决定,当主句是一般现在时时,从句可根据需要选择相应时态;当主语为过去时时,从句需用过去的某一时态。
4. 宾语从句作介词宾语的情况:
(1)一般来讲,介词后不可用that引导从句,只有except , but , besides , in , for等少数几个介词可接从句,且that不可省。
(2)其它介词的宾语从句如由that引导,则需用it先行作形式宾语。介词后不可用if引导从句,而要用whether引导从句。
eg.
The Swede stood quite still , except that his lips moved slightly .
那瑞典人除了嘴唇微微颤抖之外,一动不动地站在那儿。
The decision depends on whether we have enough experience .
这个决定取决于我们是否有足够的经验。
5. 从句作某些形容词的宾语时:
形容词afraid , sure , angry等可接that从句作宾语,且that可省略。
eg.
I’m afraid(that)I can’t help you . 我恐怕不能帮你。
6. 宾语从句与简单句的互换
宾语从句常可wh-words +to do的简单句式进行互换。
eg.
I don’t know what I should do . = I don’t know what to do . 我不知该怎么办。
(二)表语从句
1. 表语从句的位置:位于系动词之后
2. 连接词:当从句的句意完整时用that,且不可省略。用whether,不用if,可用as if,此时从句要用虚拟语气。主句的主语是reason时,不能用because引导表语从句,要用that引导从句。主句的主语是suggestion , proposal , request , orders , idea , advice …时,表语从句的谓语动词用should +动词原形的形式。
eg.
Our belief is that things will improve . 我们相信事情会有改善的。
The question is whether it is worth doing . 问题是这是否值得做。
It looks as if it is going to rain . 看起来好像要下雨了。
This is how we overcame the difficulties . 这就是我们如何克服那些困难的。
His suggestion is that we(should)hold another meeting .
他的建议是我们应该再开一次会。
She felt as if she were going to die . 她感觉自己好像要死了。
(三)主语从句
在句中作主语的从句叫做主语从句,引导主语从句的有连词that , whether;连接代词who , what , which;连接副词when , where , how , why等。
eg.
What he said seems wrong . 他所说的似乎是错的。
Whatever was said here must be kept secret . 这说的一切必须保密。
Whoever fails to see this will make a big mistake . 谁要是看不清这点,就要犯大错误。
Whether they can solve this problem is still uncertain .
他们能否解决这个难题,目前还不能肯定。
When the sound lab will be built is unknown . 语音实验室何时建成还不知道。
How he managed to escape to that country is just what we want to know .
他是怎样设法逃到那个国家的正是我们想知道的。
以上例句的主语从句都是放在句首。但有时由于主语从句太长,会显得头重脚轻。因此,常用it作形式主语,而把主语从句挪到句子后面去。形式主语是it的句型有:
a. It is + adj. / n. + that … b. It is said / reported … + that …
eg.
It is certain that fuels like coal and oil cause a lot of pollution .
煤和石油这类燃料能造成大量的污染,这是肯定的。
It seemed strange that he came so late today . 很奇怪他今天来得这么晚。
It is not yet decided when and where the talk will be given .
何时何地开报告会还没定下来。
It is hoped that you’ll be able to attend the concert . 希望你能出席音乐会。
使用名词性从句应注意以下几点:
(1)连接词的选用
eg.
That he will come is certain . 他要来,这点是肯定的。
that引导主语从句,无词义,不充当成分,不可省。
Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much . 她来不来,关系不大。
引导主语从句,且与or not连用,要用whether不用if。
(2)从句作主语,主句的谓语动词一般用单数。
eg.
When and where we shall have the sports meeting hasn’t been decided .
何时,在哪儿开运动会还没定下来。
(3)由whatever , whoever引导的主语从句一般不能后置。
eg.
Whatever we do must be in the interest of the people .
无论我们做什么都要符合人民的利益。
(4)由形式主语it引起的主语从句,其句型为:
It is / was + said / believed / reported + that从句
表示据说,据认为,据报道等
eg.
It is said that he will arrive tomorrow . 据说他明天到。
It is believed that the new manager will be fit for the position .
人们相信这个新经理会称职的。
此外,it + be +形容词+that从句也是常见的句型。
eg.
It is important that … ; It is clear that …
It is necessary that … ; It is certain that …
It is strange that … ; It is natural that …
(四)同位语从句:它常跟在某些名词,如belief , fact , hope , idea , news , suggestion , promise , problem , possibility等之后,用来说明或解释这些名词。引导同位语从句的词,有连词that;连接副词how , when , where等。
eg.
You have no idea how wonderful the play is . 你想象不到这话剧多么好。
The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is very good .
我们应该轮流打扫教室的建议很好。
由that引导的同位语从句在结构上和由that引导的定语从句相似,其区别是:that在同位语从句中只起连词作用,不充当句子中某个成份,一般不能省略,而定语从句中that是关系代词,在定语从句中充当一个句子成份,如在定语从句中作宾语可省略。
eg.
The news(that)he heard was very exciting .
他听到的那消息令人激动。(定语从句,that作宾语)
The news that our football team had won the game was very exciting .
我们足球队赢的消息很激动人心。(同位语从句,that是连词)