目标导引
1.单元词汇及短语
（1）单元词汇
avoid, manage, vary, crazy, anger, occur, certain, else, body language, information, mean, close, however, while, seem, as if
(2)单元短语
a head of , would like, communicate with, vary from…to…, look into, each other, rest on, get through, be used to.
2.单元句型
（1）Can/Shall I help you with that?
Could you help me with…?
Would you like me to…?
Do you need some help with that?
Would you like some help?
Is there anything else I can do for you?
(2)Could you please…?
Could you give me a hand with this?
(3)No, thank you. Thanks for all your help.
No, thanks. I can manage it myself.
That’s very nice of you.
(4)keep+宾语+宾语补足语
make+宾语+宾语补足语
There is nothing better than to do…
3.单元语法
动名词在句中做主语和宾语。
核心知识
同义词辨析
1.either…or, neither…nor 和 both…and
either…or, neither…nor 和 both…and 都是并列连词词组。
either…or 和 neither…nor 连接两个主语时，谓语动词在人称和数上必须与后面的主语保持一致；both…and 连接两个主语时，谓语动词必须用复数。either…or 意为“或者……或者”、“要么……要么”；neither…nor 意为“既不……也不”；both…and 意为“两者都”。如：
There were either too big or too small.他们要么太大了，要么太小了。
Either you or I am right.要么你对，要么我对。
Neither you nor he has been there.你和他都没去过那里。
Both John and Ann have got pen-friends.约翰和安都有笔友。
He speaks both English and French.他讲英语和法语。
2.make sure, be sure
(1)make sure 意为“确保；确信；查明”，后面常接宾语从句及由 of 引起的短语。如：
Make sure (that) he comes at once.一定叫他马上来。
You’d better make sure of time.你最好查明时间。
Make sure of it before you start out.出发前查明这件事。
（2）be sure 意为“肯定；确定”， be sure 后可跟不定式或“疑问词+不定式”，构成 be sure to do, be not sure whether to do 结构，要注意“疑问词+不定式”一般用在否定句中。be sure 后还可跟从句，肯定句后跟 that 从句，否定句后跟 if /whether 从句。如：
He is sure to come.他肯定会来。
I’m not sure whether to go there/when to leave.我不确定是否要去哪儿/何时离开。
I’m sure that I can run faster than you.我确定自己比你跑得快。
I’m not sure whether they can finish the job on time.
我不确定他们是否能及时完成工程。
Be sure to come to our party if you have time.
如果有时间的话一定要来参加我们的聚会。
Be sure to finish it as soon as possible.请务必尽快完成。
3.late,lately,later,latest
(1)late可作形容词或副词，意为“迟（的）；晚（的）”。如：
He often comes late for school.他上学常迟到。
They were late for the film.他们看电影迟到了。
（2）lately 是副词，意为“最近；近来”相当于recently,常与现在完成时连用。如：
I haven’t heard from him lately.我最近没收到他的来信。
（3）later为late的比较级，意为“较迟的（地）”。另外，还可用作副词，意为“后来”。
如：
He goes home later than anybody .他回家比谁都晚。
See you later .回头见。
(4)latest为late的最高级，意为“最迟的（地）”；也相当于newest,意为“最新的”。如：I go to bed latest in the family.我是家里睡觉最迟的。
Here is the latest news from abroad.下面是来自国外的最新消息。
4．sick,ill
(1)sick和ill都有“患病”之意，都可以作表语，美国英语中常用sick作表语。英国英语中常用ill作表语。如：
His mother is ill.(英国用法)他的母亲生病了。
His mother is sick.(美国用法)
（2）但用在名词前作定语时，英国英语、美国英语均用sick而不能用ill.如：
He is looking after his sick mother.他在照顾生病的母亲.
5.would like,feel like
feel like和would like 都表示“想要干某事”。
(1)feel like 中的like是介词,后跟名词或动名词.如:
I feel like sleeping/taking a walk.我想睡/散步。
I don’t feel like walking very much today.今天我不想走太多的路了。
Do you feel like having something to eat?你想要点东西吃吗？
I feel like a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
I feel like some fish and chips for supper.晚饭我想吃些鱼和土豆条。
It’s so hot. I feel like a swim.天真热，我想去游泳。
（2）would like 中的like 是动词，后跟不定式或名词。如：
What would you like to do now ?你现在想做什么？
I would like to have dinner with you.我想和你一起吃饭。
I would like to talk to you for a minute .我想和你谈一下。
Would you like some help?你需要帮助吗？
6.cause, reason
(1)cause是造成一种事实或现象的“原因”。后接介词of.如：
Carelessness is the usual cause of fire.造成火灾的原因通常是不谨慎。
Heat is the cause of the expansion of matter.热是物体膨胀的原因。
（2）reason是说明一种看法或行为的“理由”。后接介词for.如：
You must tell him the reason why you won’t accept his offer.
你必须告诉他你为何拒绝他的提议。
7．get through, go through
(1)get through 和 go through 表示“通过（某地、议案等）；用完”时可互换使用。如：
The man was so fat that he couldn’t get/go through the door，那人胖得连那扇门都过不去。
The plan for this term will have to get/go through the leading group of the school。本学期计划得经校领导班子通过。
I have got/gone through three pairs of shoes in a month..这一个月内我穿坏了三双鞋。
（2）get through 和 go through又各有其意义：
get through :通过考试；接通电话
I got through everything except English .除英语外我别的都极格了。
I can’t get through to Beijing.The line is busy.我打不通北京的电话，占线。
go through:检查；看一遍；经历（困难，痛苦）
I went through my homework to make sure that nothing had been missed.
我将作业检查了一遍，以确定什么都没有漏掉。
Go through the text from the beginning .把课文从头看一遍。
She must have gone through a lot.她一定吃了不少苦。
8．manage to do, try to do ,try doing
(1)manage to do 意为“设法做成了某事”，强调其结果是成功的。如：
The firefighters managed to put out the fire at last.消防队员们终于设法扑灭了大火。
He managed to do the operation with very little help.
在没有多少帮助的情况下，他设法把手术做成功了。
（2）try to do意为“尽力做某事”。如：
You have to try to write every word neatly and correctly 。
你得尽力把每个字写得既清楚又准确。
He tried to open the door,but he couldn’t .
他想把门打开，但未能做到。
9.loving,lovely,lovable
(1)loving意为“爱慕的；钟情的；深情的。”如：
He gave her a loving kiss.他给了她一个深情的吻。
(2)lovely 意为“可爱的，美丽的；迷人的”。如：
The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden.
这幢房子有很多大房间，并有一个惹人喜爱的花园。
（3）lovable 意为“可爱的，惹人爱的”。多形容人或动物。有时可以与lovely互换。
如：
She is a lovable child.她是个可爱的孩子。
It is a lovable kitten.它是一只可爱的小猫。
10．appear,seem
(1)两者用法基本相同,都可作”看起来(好像)……”讲,后面可跟形容词,分词，名词，不定式或that从句。如：
It appears/seems that he will win the prize.看来他要获奖了。
（２）seem可跟随as if 从句，而appear不能，appear强调外表上给人某种 印象，有时含有实质上并非如此之意；而seem则暗示判断有一定根据，这种判断往往接近事实．如：
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn’t think of the right word anyhow.
当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
His health seems to have grown better.他的健康似乎有所好转。
He seems to be sick, for he appears pale.
看样子他病了，因为他面色看起来很苍白。
He appears to know more than he really does.
他看起来好像懂得很多，其实懂得没有那么多。
11．speak, talk,say,tell
(1)speak强调说话的能力、方式和对象，不强调说话的内容，常以某种语言作宾语，作不及物动词时，常见搭配有：speak of sth./sb.“谈到某事，某人”，speak to sb.“与某人说话”。如：
Can you speak French?你会说法语吗？
Whom did you speak to just now?你刚刚在跟谁说话？
（2）talk 是不及物动词，着重强调两个人之间的相互说话，常见词组有：
talk with sb.和某人谈话
talk about sb./sth谈论某人、某事.
talk of 谈到
talk to sb与某人谈话
She is talking with Mark in French.她正跟马克用法语交谈。
We are talking about our summer holiday.我们在谈论暑假。.
（3）say 一般作及物动词，强调说话的内容。如：
What did you say just now?你刚刚说了什么？
Let’s go and say hello to him.让我们去向他问个好吧。
（4）tell常作及物动词，表示“讲述，告诉”，后面常跟随双宾语，即tell sb.sth..还可用在tell of sb./sth.中。如：
I will tell you the truth tomorrow.我明天将告诉你实情。
He often tells of his sister.他经常谈到他的姐姐。
12.occur, happen, take place 的区别
都表示发生，都是不及物动词，不能用于被动语态中，也不能把过去分词用来作形容词。
1)happen往往还有“偶然”或“未能预见”的意思。
eg.
I didn’t buy it, because it happened that I had no money on me.
我没买那东西，因为当时碰巧身上没带钱。
2)occur有时按计划使某些事或结果“发生”，有时强调“呈现”于人的知觉、心脑。
eg.
It didn’t seem to have occurred to him that the masses, once mobilized, could work greater wonders than any individual could dream of .
他仿佛没有想到群众一旦动员起来，可以做出任何人所梦想不到的奇迹。
3)take place可指事件“发生”，但更常用表示“举行”。
eg. The meeting took place in the great auditorium. 会议在大礼堂里举行。
13.carry, bring, take, fetch, get的区别
1)carry指随身携带，不特别表示带到什么地方，而携带的方式是提、扛、背、抬等。
eg. He was carrying a wooden box on his shoulder.
他肩膀上扛着一个木箱。
2)bring指从别处把东西拿来，其后可跟双宾语、直接宾语，也可以是抽象名词。
eg. Please bring me a new pencil.
请给我拿支新铅笔来。
3)take指把东西从说话人这儿带到别处去，同bring方向正好相反。
eg. The monkey took the tiger to a big river.
猴子把老虎带到大河边。
4)fetch和get意思差不多，指去别处拿来，等于go and bring, 表示一往一返。get常用于口语。
eg. Let’s fetch some water. 咱们去打点水来。
14.laugh, smile的区别
1) laugh指一般的笑，或出声大笑。
eg. He laughed loudly when he heard what I said.
他听见我说的话之后，放声大笑。
2)smile 指无声地“微笑”。
eg. We can see from far that our guests are smiling and waving at us.
从远处我们可以看见我们的客人在向我们微笑，在向我们挥手。
15.almost, nearly 的区别
1)almost = very nearly都表示“几乎，差不多”，常可通用。
eg.
It’s almost / nearly two o’clock, 差不多两点了。
He fell off a tree and almost / nearly died. 他从树上摔下，险些丧命。
解析 从实际事实角度讲，almost比nearly的“差距”更小。从说话人的心理角度讲，nearly暗含“仍有差距”，almost暗含“似无差别”比如上面的例句。第一句用almost 比nearly反映出实际时间更接近two o’clock, 但用almost时反映出说话人的心理活动是“还差一点才到整两点”。若用nearly则心理活动是“可以说已到整两点”。第二句也是这样。用almost的心理活动是“仍活着”，用nearly是“快死了”。可以看出心理角度的不同决定着对二者的选用。
2)almost和nearly可以互换的场合。
I．在肯定句中。
eg.
I’m almost / nearly 90 years old. 我差不多快90岁了。
She fell and almost / nearly broke her neck. 我跌倒了，颈骨险些骨折。
II．修饰all, every, always等时。
eg. I almost / nearly always go to bed at eleven.
我差不多总是11点钟上床睡觉。
III．在行为动词的否定式前。
eg. He almost / nearly didn’t hear what I said.
他几乎未听见我讲了些什么。
3)只能使用almost 的场合。
I．修饰no, none, never, any 以及no 和any的合成词。
eg.
I have almost nothing to do today.
我今天几乎什么都没做。
This word is to be found in almost any dictionary.
这个词几乎在任何一本词典中都能查到。
This is almost none left. 几乎没有人走。
II．修饰表示感觉或心境的动词和形容词。
eg.
You could almost imagine you were on Switzerland. 你几乎可以设想你在瑞士。
I almost think you’re right. 我还不完全相信你是对的。
III．修饰move than和too.
eg.
That’s almost too much.那简直太过分了。
注意：谓语动词不是行为动词时，almost不与not 连用。
4)只能用nearly的场合，被very, not, pretty所修饰时。
eg.
I’m not nearly ready. 我还没有准备好。
I know pretty nearly all the secrets of her married life.
她的婚姻生活的秘密我几乎全部知道。
注意：not nearly = far from, much less than. 差得远，远远不够。
eg.
There’s not nearly enough money for a new car.
买一部新车的钱，还差得很远。
I．表示快要做什么事，但后来“没有做”或“避开不做时”。
eg. We nearly called to see you last Saturday.
我们上星期六差点来看你。
16.common与ordinary
1)common意为“普通的，一般的，平常的”，是指符合或具有同类的人或事物所共有的特征。例如：common sense 常识，a common mistake 一般的错误，common people老百姓，common knowledge人所共知的事。
eg. Heart disease is one of the commonest causes of death. 心脏病是最常见的死因之一。
2)ordinary 在意思上与common很接近，也有“平常的”“普遍的”之意。但其着重点与common不同，common着重于共性，而ordinary则侧重于平常，具有并无非常或独特之处之意。例如：an ordinary teacher 一个普通教师，不能说成a common teacher.
eg. Our chemistry teacher is an ordinary little man with thick glasses.
我们的化学老师是一个相貌平常的，戴深度眼镜的小个子男人。
17．each other与one another 的区别
each other和one another是两组相互代词，一般说来，each other 用于两个人或两个事物之间，但这种区别在现代英语中已不明显。
eg.You and I know each other very well。
你我相互都很了解。
All the children here are fond of one another。
这里所有的孩子相互都很喜欢。
注意：each other有时可分开使用，这时each可以用作主语。
eg.Each tries to do better than the other in their work.
每个人在工作中都尽力比别人做得更好。
重点难点聚焦
一、动名词在句中作主语
Collecting stamps will cost you a lot of money.集邮将花费你很多钱。
Driving a car isn’t as comfortable as traveling by train.
开车旅行不如乘火车旅行舒服。
1． it作形式主语，当动名词短语在句中作主语时，为了保持句子平衡，我们用it作为形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末。
It’s dangerous playing in the street.在街上玩是危险的。
It’s no good arguing with him.与他争论是没有好处的。
必背句型：
It’s no use doing…= It’s of no use / It’s useless + to do sth.
It’s no good doing…
It’s a waste of …doing sth..
It’s very difficult doing sth..
It’s nice doing sth.
注：能用动名词作主语的句子比较少一些，主要用于no good, no use, useless, senseless, dangerous,waste等词作表语的句子。
2．在下列句型中只能用动名词作主语。
There is no+v-ing(…是不可能的)
=It is impossible to do sth.
=No one can …(or we can not…)
There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。
There is no getting in touch with him和他取得联系是不可能的。
注：动名词短语在句中作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。
二、 动名词在句中作表语
动名词在句中作表语时一般表示抽象的习惯性的动作，表语和主语常常可以互换。
My job is teaching English.(Teaching English is my job.)我的工作是教英语。
三、 动名词在句中作宾语
They have finished doing their homework.他们已经做完作业了。
Nothing can stop us from realizing the four modernizations in our country.
什么也不能阻止我们国家实现四个现代化。
1．在下面的及物动词或短语后面，只能用动名词作宾语。
advise建议，admit承认，allow允许，appreciate感谢，欣赏avoid避免，consider考虑，认为，delay推迟，deny否认，dislike讨厌，enjoy喜欢，escape逃脱，excuse原谅，finish完成，forgive原谅，imagine想像，keep保持，mention提到，mind介意，miss错过，postpone延缓，practise练习，prevent阻止，resist 抵抗，risk冒险，suggest建议，understand理解，can’t help doing sth.情不自禁地做……，can’t stand不能忍受，give up 放弃，put off 推迟，leave off 停止等。
I don’t allow smoking in my room.我不允许在我房内吸烟。
She can’t stand waiting for her friend for a long time.她不能忍受长时间等候朋友。
Would you mind opening the window for me ?您介意替我把窗子打开吗？
Excuse my being late,please.=Excuse me for being late.请原谅我来迟了
Heavy rain prevented my visiting him yesterday.=Heavy rain prevented me from visiting him yesterday.昨天，大雨阻止了我拜访他。
2．在介词后面作宾词，动名词常跟在一些固定词组后作宾语。
（1）add to加上，be afraid of 怕（产生某种后果），be ashamed of为……感到羞愧,be busy(in)doing sth.忙于做某事,be clever at在……方面聪明,be engaged in从事于,be fond of喜欢,be good at擅长,be interested in对……感兴趣,be proud of为……而骄傲,be successful in在……方面成功,be sick of对……感到恶心,be sentenced to宣判,be tired of厌烦,come to谈到,depend on依靠,dream of梦想,devote…to…把……贡献,excuse…for…为……而原谅，feel like愿意 ,get to开始,hear of 听说insist on坚持,know of对……了解,keep…from…阻止……做……,persist in坚持 ,set about 动手去做, spend…on在……花费,spend…(in)doing sth.花……做某事, stop…from…阻止……做……,stick to坚持,succeed in在……取得成功,thank…for… 为……而感谢……,think of 想到.
注：insist on 表示对要求、看法、意见或主张的“坚持”；stick to 表示对“愿望、原则、决定、诺言、意见、理想或某种理论的坚持不渝；persist in 表示对某种活动坚持不懈或对某种信念固执不改。
表示“阻止某人做某事”的几个短语中stop,prevent 后的from可以省略，而keep后的from不能省，因为keep sb. doing sth. 表示”使某人一直做某事”.
(2)在下面句型中也常用动名词.
There is no use/ need /harm/ hurry +in doing sth
There be/We have fun /some difficulty/some trouble/problem/pleasure/a good time/a hard time +in doing sth.
例如：
He is busy preparing his lessons.他忙于备课。
Einstein spent the rest of his life living in the USA.
爱因斯坦在美国度过他的晚年。
I had some difficulty in explaining the maths problem to him.
我费劲地给解释这道数学题。
The little girl is interested in drawing pictures.小姑娘对画画感兴趣。
We look forward to going abroad.我们盼望出国。
Is there any hope of your team winning the match?
你们队在比赛中有希望获胜吗？
He insists on no one knowing about the experiment.
他坚持认为没人了解有关实验的情况。
四、分词在句中作表语
在系动词be,become,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,sound,appear等后面的现在分词作表语时，一般表示主动或表示主语的性质和特征。含有“令人……”之意，多数情况下主语为物：
The first impressions are most lasting.最初的印象历时最久。
This piece of news is encouraging.这条消息鼓舞人心。
作表语的分词大部分是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的，而且这类分词实际上已基本形容词化。常见的有以下分词：
amusing,astonishing,boring,disappointing,discouraging,encouraging,exciting,interesting,missing,promising,puzzling,shocking,surprising,striking等。
The novel is very interesting and we are all interested in it.
这本小说很有趣，我们对它都很感兴趣。
These colours are pleasing.这些色彩令人愉快。
作表语的现在分词和进行时态中的现在分词的区别。
在系表结构中，现在分词表示主语的特性，be 为系动词，可以换作其他的系动词。而在进行进态中，现在分词表示主语正在进行的动作，在句中与助动词be一起构成谓语，此结构中的助动词be不能换成其他的助动词。
The news is moving.这消息令人感动。
（moving为表语，说明主语的特性）
His heroic deeds are moving us.他的英雄事迹正在感动着我们。（moving为现在分词，与助动词are构成谓语）
时尚口语交际
（一）立刻接通某人
1．I’II connect you.我为您转接。
2．I’II transfer you .我为您转接。
3．I’II put you through.我为您转接。
（二）对方说话不清楚
1.I beg your pardon?请再说一遍。
2.Once more, please.请再说一遍，好吗？
3.Would you please repeat that?请再说一遍，好吗？
4.Will you speak a little more slowly?请您说得慢些好吗？
（三）对方要找的人不能来接电话
1．I’m sorry, Mr Green is tied up at the moment.抱歉，Mr Green脱不开身来听电话。
2．I’m sorry, Mr Green is busy right now.抱歉，Mr Green此刻正在忙着。
3．I’m sorry, Mr Green has a visitor right now.抱歉，Mr Green此刻正在接待客人。
4．I’m sorry, Mr Green is in the meeting right now.抱歉，Mr Green此刻正在开会。
5．I’m sorry,Mr Green is on the phone at the moment .抱歉，Mr Green此刻正在接电话。
6．I’m sorry, Mr Green is away on a trip. 抱歉, Mr Green 出差去了。
（四）请对方要找的人回电话
1．May I have him call you back? 请他回电话给您，好吗？
2．Would you like him to call you back?您要他回电话吗？
3．May I have your phone number ,please?请把您的电话号码告诉我，好吗？
4．What’s your phone number, please?请问您的电话号码？
（五）转告对方要找的人何时回来
1．Mr Green will be back around 3 o’clock.格林先生大约在3点钟回来。
2．He should be back at any moment.他随时都会回来。
3．You should be able to catch him in an hour at most,顶多一小时，您就可以联系上他。
（六）问对方是否留言
1．May/Shall/Could I take a message?我可以替您留言吗？
2．Would you like to leave a message?您要不要留言给他？
3．Would you like me to take a message for you ?我替您捎口信好不好？
(七)感谢来电话
1．Thank you for calling.感谢您的来电。
2．Nice talking to you.能和您谈谈真好。
（八）挂断电话前的招呼语
1．My best wishes to Mr Green。替我向Mr Green问好。
2．Call again when you’ve got time.有空时请再来电话。
3．Hope to see you again.希望再次与您相见。
4．Goodbye.再见
典型例题
【例1】________the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A .The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
精析 The president’s attending the meeting himself是现在分词的复合结构，在句中作主语。
答案 D
【例2】－Have a nice weekend.
－Thank you._________
A.See you later. B. What about you?
C.The same to you . D.Thank you all the same.
精析 对于别人的祝愿有两种应答方式：
（1） 若可以互致祝愿常说The same to you.也可以说And you,too.译为“同样祝你…”。
（2）有些祝愿不能互致，只能用Thank you.来应答。（如：Happy birthday.一般情况下问者与答者不大可能是同一天生日。）故改题C为最佳选项。A、B、D项语境不妥，其中D项用于回答请求别人帮助未成功时的礼貌应答；B项用于询问对方或别人的情况或提建议。
答案 C