【知识点】
1，单词和词组
answering machine留言机
recorder留言机
tape recorder磁带留言机
Progress(vt.)进行
2，日常用语
Phone calls and messages
Hello. Is--in/there? Hello, this is--(speaking).
May/Could I speak to --? I'm sorry, she/he isn't here right now.
Hello, is that--? Hold on, please.
Hello, Who is that/it? Can I take a message (for you)?
Could you give her/him a message?
I called to ask/tell you/say that--
3，语法
复习和归纳句子的成分--表语；复习动词不定式，动词-ing形式和过去分词作表语的用法。
【知识讲解】
1，Once you have done this, you will quickly become a useful member of the team. 一旦你学会使用了，你就会很快地成为工作班子里有用的一员。
Once you have done this… 是承接上文来的，意思相当于：Once you have learned how to use every piece of equipment….
once 是从属连词，作"一(旦)……就……"(from the moment that)解，连接一个表示时间的状语从句。例如：
Once you show any fear, the dog will attack you.
你一显出害怕的样子，狗就会来咬你。
Once he said that, I know he was lying. 他一说那件事，我就知道他在撒谎。
She wouldn't change her mind once she made the decision.
她一旦作出决定就不会改变的。
once 还可以作副词，作"一次"(one time)或"曾经一度"(some time ago)解。例如：
I have been there once. 我到过那儿一次。
We go home once a week. 我们每周回家一次。
He once knew her, but they are no longer friends.
他曾经认识她，但是他们现在不再是朋友了。
Her father once worked in a car factory in Harbin.
她父亲在哈尔滨一家汽车厂工作过。
2，It is better to ask for help at the beginning rather than to wait until a busy period when everyone is rushed off their feet. 最好在开始工作时就去请求帮助，而不要等到大家都忙得不可开交时再去找人帮忙。
1）rather than 而不是，与其……宁愿。这是一个连词词组，用来连接两个并列的成分(如本句中连接两个作主语的不定式短语 to ask for…和 to wait…)，表示在两者中进行选择，意即"是A而不是B"，"要A而不要B"，"宁愿A而不愿B"等。例如：
John must go rather than Jack.
必须去的是约翰而不是杰克。(连接两个名词 John 和Jack)
These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.
这些鞋子穿起来很舒服，但并不漂亮。(连接两个表语形容词 comfortable和 pretty)
He'd prefer to come in August rather than in July.
他愿八月来，而不愿七月来。(连接两个表示时间的介词短语 in August和 in July)
I love swimming rather than skating.
我喜欢游泳，而不喜欢溜冰。(连接两个 -ing 形式 swimming 和 skating)
I decide to write rather than (to) telephone.
我决定写信而不打电话。(连接两个不定式 to write 和 to telephone)
注意：当连接两个不定式时，rather than 后面的这个不定式可以带 to，也可以不带 to，还可以用 -ing 形式。例如：
It's better to reply immediately rather than (to) wait till the weekend. (或rather than waiting till the weekend) 最好是立即回答，而不要等到周末。
We ought to check up, rather than just accept what he says. (或…accepting what he says) 我们应该核实一下，而不是他说什么就信什么。
2)rush sb．off his feet 意思是"使忙得个不亦乐乎"，"使忙得不可开交"，常以被动形式出现(sb is rushed off his feet.)，用于非正式文体。例如：
We were so busy in the office today. I was rushed off my feet.
今天我们办公室里真忙。我是忙得不可开交。
They're rushed off their feet with the sowing. 他们播种忙得个不亦乐乎。
3， What is more, this"information line"operates 24 hours a day. 再说，这条"问讯线路"是一天24小时工作的。
"What is more"是一种固定表达，作"再说"、"而且"、"更有甚者"解，在句中作插入语，表不除了上文所说的情况外还有进一步的情况。例如：
He came home after midnight, and what's more, he was drunk.
他后半夜才回家，而且醉醺醺的。
----Why didn't you go and see Mr Johnson? 你为什么没去看看约翰逊先生呢？
----Because it was raining hard that day. And what's more, I didn't have his address with me. 因为那天下大雨，再说，我身边又没有他的地址。
4，It was important to carry out the work quickly, so an extra team of men were asked to work on the repairs one evening. 加快完成这项工作很重要。因此，有一天晚上要求多派了一队人来搞维修工作。
work on 是短语动词，作"从事(某工作)"、"致力于"解，可以有多种译法。这个短语动词中的on是介词，后跟名词、代词或 - ing 形式。例如：
They are working on a report of the experiment. 他们在写一份实验报告。
We worked on this day and night. 我们日日夜夜都在从事这项工作。
He is still working on inventing a new type of machine for office work. 他仍在致力于发明一种办公用的新式机器。
Many people in China are working on a"Project Hope", helping poor children to go to school. 中国有许多人正在从事一项"希望工程"，帮助穷苦孩子上学。
work on 也可以作"继续工作"(work continuously)解，其中的 on是副词，表示"继续地"。如 walk on(继续走)， stay on(继续逗留)，talk on(继续谈话)等。例如：
I'll have to work on till the report is ready. It is needed for tomorrow's meeting. 我不得不继续工作，直到把报告写好为止。这篇报告明天会议上要用的。
5，There had been fuel on the ship, but this did not appear to have caused the fire, and little smoke was produced. 船上有一些燃料，但看来并不是燃料引起火灾的，而且几乎没有产生烟。
1)There had been fuel…，谓语动词用了过去完成时态，这是因为上文的时态用了一般过去时的缘故。… they at once started to look for causes of the fire. They were puzzled by…。这说明在消防队员寻找失火原因之前(过去)，船上就已经有了燃料(过去的过去)。
2)… but this didn't appear to have caused the fire…句中 appear作"似乎"、"显得"解，后跟不定式的完成式，这表示不定式的动作是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的。如果将原句作如下改写，则可以看出两个动作的先后：
It seemed that this had not caused the fire. 又如：
She appeared to have heard about it already. (It seemed that she had already heard about it.) 她似乎已经听到这件事了。
He didn't appear to have fixed up the pipe. (It seemed that he hadn't fixed up the pipe.) 看来他并没有把管子安装好。
6，It must have been a gas that could burn but that would not explode, a gas that did not smell strong, and a gas that did not kill people. 这准是一种能够燃烧但不会爆炸的气体，一种气味不大又不伤人的气体。
1)这是一个复合句。主句是 It must have been a gas。这是一个"主系表"结构，表语是三个 a gas，后面都跟着由关系代词 that引导的定语从句。
2)句中must用来表示推论或揣测，作"一定是"、"准是"、"想必"解。must后跟不定式的完成式(must have + 过去分词)表示对过去发生的事情的揣测。例如：
The house was burned down. There must have been some cause.
房子烧了，准是有什么原因。
Jim kept crying last night. He must have had some problem.
吉姆昨晚哭个不停，他准是有什么问题。
Miss Black didn't come yesterday. She must have been ill.
布莱克小姐昨天没有来，想必她病了。
【语法】
1，动词不定式，动词-ing形式和过去分词作表语的用法，要注意以下几点：
1）不定式作表语有时可以省略to;
2）现在分词作表语表示主动和进行；
3）过去分词作表语表示完成和被动。
例如：
The machines seems to have been used already. Can you find me a new one?
The tap is broken. Can you go to the stores and get another one?
The difficulty is finding people with the right education.
The only answer for us is to mark all the supply lines in the port clearly.
It only remains for me to thank the whole team for their hard work.
All I could do was call for help.
2, 常用系动词分类
（1） 纯系动词：be, become, seem等。
（2） 兼实义动词的系动词
（a） 感官动词：look, feel, smell, taste, sound等。
（b） 表示"变"：get, grow, turn, go ,run等。
（c） 实义词词义基本没有变化的：stay, lie, stand, fall, prove等。
3, 情态动词与实义动词的区别
构成否定句，疑问句是否需要助动词
是否有单数第三人称词尾
其后接带to 不定式还是接不带to 不定式
情态动词
×
×
不带to
实义动词
√
√
带to
注意：1．have to 结构构成否定式、疑问式时，需要助动词。
2．have to, ought to 中的to 不能省略，且直接接原形动词。
3．don't have (to) do 结构中，不定式符号to 可以省略。
【名词动词转换总结】
名 词 动 词
charge 费用，价钱 收费，索价
chat 聊天，闲谈 聊天，闲谈
copy 抄本，复印件 抄写，复印
delay 推迟，耽搁 推迟，耽搁
design 设计，图案 设计
doubt 怀疑，疑惑 怀疑，疑惑
dream 梦，梦想 做梦，梦想
escape 逃跑 逃跑
flood 洪水 淹没，使泛滥
heat 热，热量 加热，加温
march 游行，行进 前进，行进
order 订单，订货 订货
paint 油漆 油漆
phone 电话 打电话
pin 别针 (用针)装订
praise 赞扬，表扬 赞扬，表扬
sort 种类，分类 整理，分类
taste 味道 品尝
waste 浪费，废物 浪费
【例题解析】
1．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C., Did not include women players until 1912．
A．first playing B．to be first played
C．first played D．to be first playing
【答案】C
【解析】全句意思是"第一次奥林匹克运动会是在公元前776年举办的，但是到公元1912年才有女运动员参加"。奥运会是被举办的，选择表示被动的，所以选B和C。又因为776 B.C.（公元前 776年）是表示过去的时间状语，而动词不定式短语常表示将来的动作，所以应选择C。这里played是过去分词，作定语，相当于which was first played。
2． ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A．Losing B．Having lost
C．Lost D．To lose
【答案】C
【解析】句子意思是"沉思中，他差点撞上前面的汽车。"（be）lost in thought（想得出神）是固定搭配，另外，表达此意时，还可以有 lose oneself in thought。
3．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A．to eat not B．eating not
C．not to eat D．not eating
【答案】C
【解析】医生告诫病人手术后不要吃油腻的食物。warn sb. （not）to do sth. 是常用句型，此句用被动语态，即：sb. is（was）warned（not）to do sth.。
4．Paul doesn't have to be made ______ . He always works hard.
A．learn B．to learn
C．learned D．learning
【答案】B
【解析】没有必要督促保罗念书。他一直是很用功的。make sb.do意思为"迫使某人做"。该句是被动语态，不定式learn作主语补足语，应加上to。
5．We agreed ______ here ,but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A．having met B．meeting
C．to meet D．to have met
【答案】C
【解析】我们约定在这儿见面，但她到现在还没来。动词agree只接不定式作宾语，不可以接动名词作宾语。所以答案在C和D中选择。不定式一般式 to meet表示动作发生在 agree之后或与 agree同时发生，而完成式 to have met则表示该动作发生在agree之前，与题意不符，故答案为C。