TEACHING GOALS
1. ABILITY GOALS
a. Enable students to practice the reading skills acquired from the reading part of the textbook.
b. Emphasize Students’ ability of transferring information acquired from reading to be used in writing.
2. LEARNING ABILITY GOALS
a. Learn the background and the event of Captain Cook’s expeditions to explore the southern land.
b. Learn to organize a logical passage by processing the acquired information.
TEACHING IMPORTANT POINTS
Enable students to transfer reading information into writing materials.
TEACHING DIFFICULT POINTS
Guide students to organize paragraphs by using discussion and mind-map strategy.
TEACHING METHODS
a. Task-based learning.
b. Explorative learning.
c. Mind map to collect ideas.
TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING PROCEDURES & WAYS
STEP I REVISION
STEP II LEAD-IN
STEP III WHILE-READING GOING HIGH: THE PIONEERS OF THE THIRD POLE 登高--第三极的开路先锋 ①②③④⑤⑥⑦
By the middle of the 1920s the farthest corners of the earth already been explored; the continents and the oceans had been mapped, the north and South Poles had been reached, and the origins①of the world’s major rivers had been discovered. All that was left to be conquered was the “third pole”, the highest mountain on earth, Mount Qomolangma. Some suggested it could not be accomplished②. At that time going to Qomolangma was like going to moon. 20世纪20年代中期，连地球最远的角落都已经有人探索过了：大陆和海洋都已经绘制了地图，南极和北极都已经有人到过了，世界主要河流的源头也都已经被发现。留下来有待征服的地方是“第三极”，这就是地球上的最高峰--珠穆朗玛峰。有人曾经说过这是不可能完成的。在那个时候，去珠穆朗玛峰就像登月一样难。
① the origins of the world’s major rivers世界上主要河流的源头
“We cannot escape our origins, however hard we try" (James Baldwin)“无论如何努力，我们也改变不了我们的出身”(詹姆斯鲍德温)
Many Americans are African by origin.许多美国人是非洲血统。
② accomplish / complete / finish / achieve
accomplish通常接task, aim, journey, voyage等名词,指成功完成预期目标;
complete可接建筑、工程、书籍等名词，指按预期目标把未完成的工作经过进一步的努力使之完成；
finish在许多情况下多与complete换用，但不及complete正式，指完成应做的事，强调事情的了结、终止；
achieve指完成计划、大业等，多指完成伟大功业。
③
Climbing at such high altitudes①requires great skill and is not without risk②. Apart from③ the cold, thin air and low oxygen levels can cause mountain sickness④, which can kill. Some people can never go above 4,000 metres because their body is unable to adjust to these extreme conditions⑤. Above about 5,200 metres, in the "death zone", humans can only survive for a couple of days⑥, even with extra oxygen. 爬上这样的高度需要极大的技能，而且不是没有危险的。除了天气寒冷之外，空气稀薄和含氧量低都可能诱发致人死亡的高山病。有些人从来不能登上4,000米的高度，因为他们的身体不能适应这些极端的条件。在5,200米的高度以上就是“死亡地带”了，即使带了额外的氧气，人们也只能存活一、两天。
① at such high altitudes 在如此高的海拔高度
② be not without risk 不无风险
③ apart from除……之外(aside from)
All the children like music apart from Bobby. 除了博比外所有的孩子都喜欢音乐。
The writer lives apart from his family.作家不与家人同住。
Apart from being too large, the trousers don't suit me.这条裤子不但太大,而且我穿着也不合适。
Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.除了很少的几句外,我对法语一无所知。
apart adv. 相隔;相距;除去;分开地
Alice and her husband now live apart.
New York and Tokyo are thousands of miles apart.
They planted the trees three meters apart.
She lives apart from her family.
A few little things apart, the party was a great success.
④ cause mountain sickness引发高原反应
⑤ adjust to these extreme conditions适应极端的环境
⑥ a couple of days 几天
⑦
The Tibetans have lived in the Himalayas for centuries and have adjusted to the conditions at such a great height①. To them, the mountain were sacred②, and they would not climb them for that reason. When Westerners came to climb Mount Qomolangma, the Sherpas, who live in Tibet, northern India and Nepal, acted as guides③. From the first British Qomolangma expedition in1921, Sherpa strength, skill, honesty and dedication④have made them ideal⑤ companion⑥ son the mountains. Every Qomolangma expedition since then has relied on Sherpa support. 西藏人几个世纪来一直住在喜玛拉雅山上，对那样的高山条件已经适应了。对他们来说，山是神圣的，他们不会因为想征服高山而爬山。当西方人来爬珠穆朗玛峰的时候，住在西藏、印度北部和尼泊尔的夏尔巴人就来当向导。从1921年第一支英国探险队攀登珠穆朗玛峰起，夏尔巴人的力量、技能、诚实和奉献精神使他们成为山上理想的好伙伴。从那以后，每一支珠穆朗玛峰的探险队都要依赖夏尔巴人的支持和帮助。
① at such a great height 在这么高的地方
② sacred adj.
神圣的；与神有关的
Temples, mosques, churches and synagogues are all sacred buildings. 寺庙、清真寺、基督教堂及犹太教堂都是奉献给神的建筑物。
宗教的，与宗教有关的
sacred writings宗教经典
The Koran is the sacred book of the Muslims. 可兰经是伊斯兰教徒的圣书。
（常与to连用）神圣不可侵犯的
He considered it a sacred duty to fulfill his dead father's wishes. 他认为实现父亲的遗愿是神圣的义务。
严肃的；郑重的；庄严的: a sacred promise郑重的诺言
习惯用法
be sacred from免除, 不受
hold sacred尊重, 保护
③ act as guides充当向导
act as 扮演;担当;充当。后面所接的名词常可不加冠词。
A trained dog can act as a guide to a blind man.
He acts as manager.
One of his friends acted as go-between.
④ honesty and dedication诚实和奉献精神
⑤ ideal adj.
理想的；完美的
This dictionary is ideal - it's exactly what I needed这本词典很理想，正是我所需要的。
空想的；想象中的: ideal plans for making money赚钱的空想计划
n.
理想；理想的东西；最终目的: to realize one's ideal实现最终目的
⑥ make them ideal companions使他们成为理想的伴侣
⑦
One of the first foreign expeditions to climb Mount Qomolangrna arrived in Tibet in 1921. They had no idea what they were up against①. British expeditions returned in 1922 and 1924, but failed to reach the top. The local Tibetans and Sherpas laughed at the strange bottles containing what they referred to as②"English air". In 1924 two British men were lost. When their oxygen ran out③, they had no chance of surviving. After World War II, technological advances④in clothing and equipment had been made, and more was known about the mountain itself, which by now had been flown over several times by aircraft. The New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, as members of a British team, were the first to make it⑤to the summit of Mount Qomolangma. They reached the top on May 29, 1953. 最先来攀登珠穆朗玛峰的探险队中，有一支是1921年到达西藏的。他们对将要面临的情况毫无所知。两个英国探险队1922年和1924年返回重新登山，但都没能登上顶峰。当地的西藏人和夏尔巴人对着那些奇形怪状的瓶子发笑，瓶子里装的是他们所说的“英国空气”。1924年两名英国人失踪了。当他们的氧气用完后，他们就无法生存了。第二次世界大战后，服装和装备都在技术上取得了进步，人们对高山本身也有了更多的了解。到现在为止，飞机已经多次飞越了山峰。新西兰人艾德蒙希拉里和夏尔巴人登舍诺吉作为英国登山队的成员，是第一批登上珠穆朗玛最高峰的人。他们是1953年5月29日到达顶峰的。
① be up against面对，对抗
up against difficulties面临困难
up against it面临极大的困难（多指经济困难）
② refer to sth/sb as认为某人某物…
refer vt., vi. (-rr-)（常与to 连用）
涉及；提到
Keats is referring to epic poetry when he mentions Homer's 'proud demesne'. 当济慈提到荷马的'骄傲的领域'时,他指的是史诗。"
查资料；参考
针对；有关: The new law does not refer to farm land. 新法律与耕地无关。
提交；交付: The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers.商店把投诉转交给制造商。
习惯用语
refer oneself to依赖, 求助于
refer to提到, 谈到, 涉及 参考, 查阅 向...打听[查询] 认为与...有关, 认为...起源于...
refer to sb. [sth.] as称某人[物]为
③ run out用尽，用完（= become used up）其主语通常为时间、食物以及金钱等名词。
His money soon ran out.
拓展
run out of用完了，表示主动含义，主语一般是人。
He is always running out of money before pay day.
[注意]run out of还有“从…中流出”之义；run out也表示“流出”，但其后不接宾语。
④ make technological advances in…作出技术的进步
⑤ make it做成功，达成; make it to +地点 到达某地
In later years the question arose① who was the first to reach the top. Whenever he was asked, Sherpa Tenzing Norgay's answer was, "We climbed as a team, period.'' Like winning in the Olympic Games, climbing a mountain such as Mount Qomolangma is a great personal achievement. Climbing the mountain is still one of man's greatest challenges. Since 1953 several hundred people have succeeded in climbing the mountain, some to be the first woman, some to be the first woman, some to be the first of their nation and many in attempts①to climb the mountain over different slopes. 在随后的岁月里，问题就产生了：谁是第一个登上顶峰的?每当人们问到夏尔巴人登舍诺吉的时候，他总是回答说，“我们是作为一个集体登山的。”就像在奥林匹克运动会上取得胜利一样，攀登像珠穆朗玛峰这样高的山是个人的一项巨大成就。登珠峰现在仍然是对人类的最大挑战。从1953年以来，已经有好几百人成功地登上了这座山，有的是第一个登上峰顶的妇女，有的是自己国家的第一人，还有许多人试图从不同的山坡爬上去。
① arise vi. (arose, arisen) 出现，呈现；发生
arise from / out of由…引起（产生）
Some unexpected difficulties / opportunities have arisen.出现了一些意外的困难（机会）。
② in attempts to climb the mountain over different slopes尝试从不同的山坡登山
in one’s attempt to do 尝试做某事
attempt n. vt. 尝试，企图；企图杀害
The prisoner attempted an escape but failed.
They attempted a surprise attack.
They attempted to climb Mt Everest.
He attempted breaking the world record.
He failed in his attempt to win first prize.
They made an attempt on the life of the President.
attempted adj. 未遂的，意图的
③
The Chinese made their first successful attempt in 1960. On May 25 of that year, Gongbu, Wang Fuzhou and Qu Yinhua reached the summit of Qomolangma in darkness, so they were unable to take photos①of evidence. They left behind an iron container with the national flag and a portrait②of Chairman Mao was the youngest ever to have reached the summit. On their return③, they were praised as④national heroes.
① take photos照相
② a portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong毛主席头像
③ on one’s return返回
介词on / upon后常接动词性的名词或动名词，表示“刚…就…；一…就”。
On his arrival at the airport, he was arrested by the police.
On his arrival in Beijing, I called him up on the phone.
Upon hearing from you, I shall let her know.
归纳拓展
一…就…
(1) as soon as (so soon as仅用于否定句)
He wrote his family a letter as soon as he found a job.
(2) the moment…
The moment he reached the classroom, he began to study.
(3) immediately
I recognized her immediately I saw her.
Immediately he opened the door, the telephone rang.
(4) the instant / minute / second…
He came the instant I called his name.
(5) no sooner…than…
His head had no sooner touché the pillow than he fell asleep.他一上床就睡着了。
No sooner had the medical workers arrived than they began treating the injured.
(6) hardly…when / before…
Hardly had we started when it began to rain.
④ be praised as national heroes被誉为民族英雄
⑤
On May 27, 1975, anther Chinese team climbed Qomolangma from its northern side. Scientific surveys basted on the climbs showed the summit is 8,848.13 metres. Over the past 40 years, 29 other Chinese people have climbed Qomolangma successfully. 中国人首次成功的尝试是在1960年。当年的5月25日，贡布、王富洲和屈银华登上了珠穆朗玛峰的顶峰。因为天黑，他们无法拍下照片，证明他们已登上顶峰。所以他们留下一个铁桶，里面放着一面国旗和毛泽东主席的像片。屈银华当年只有25岁，是爬上山顶的最年轻的人。他们返回后被誉为民族英雄。1975年5月27日，另一支中国登山队从北面攀登珠穆朗玛峰。在过去的40年里，还有另外的29位中国人成功地登上了珠穆朗玛峰。
①
Step II Writing
T: Now please write a passage following the pattern on page 160. If time is limited, you may finish it after class.
Students write the essay according to the information they have collected above.
One possible version:
In the first century AD a Greek map maker had thought there existed an unknown continent in the south. In the Middle Ages western people rejected the theory, for in their mind the world was flat and no people existed beyond the ocean. But it was not true because we know the world is round. According to my recent research, the possibility of existence of the southern continent is great because there should be such a continent to balance the continents in the north. Recent explorers reported frequent discoveries of the continent, though it was not like the one as the Greeks had described. From all there facts we can be sure there is such a continent in the south.
As the adviser of our government, I strongly suggest we should explore the unknown continent. Firstly, we can take possession of it in the name of the Queen as we are the first arrivals. It would be great to make it the base of resources. Secondly, the discovery of the continent would add greater fame of our nation in Europe. Therefore, we should send a team of expedition for the exploration of the continent. The expedition should sail as far south as possible.
Step III Homework
POST-READING
1 How did ancient people hear about far-away civilisations, and what made them decide to go and! Ok for them?
2 Which adjectives are used in the text to indicate direction? What conclusion about the topic of the text can you draw based on their usage?
3 Find information in the text about contacts between China and Africa, and write in the chart below the periods when these contacts were made, the names of Chinese explorers, the way by which they travelled, and the goods which they brought home.
Period Name Way of travel Goods
4 Which of the animals and animal products that were presented to the Ming court could only be found in Africa? Which could be found in both Africa and Asia? Write your answers in the chart below.
Goods Africa Africa and Asia
5 Explain the following phrase and sentences from the text in English.
The Africans were reaching out to China. ________________________________
The time was ripe: ________________________________
the mouth of the Red Sea ________________________________
For a short time, China had ruled the seas. ____________________________
6 According to the author, the exchange of goods between the Ming court and the African kings had a symbolic meaning, which was more important than the value of the gifts. What was the symbolic meaning? Can you think of other acts in which the symbolic meaning is more important than the act itself?
LANGUAGE STUDY
Word study
1 Write another form of the words given .
discover (n.) original (n.)
equipment (v.) correct (n.)
inspect (n.) evaluate (n.)
possess (n.) contribute (n.)
ignore (n ) competition ( v. )
existence (v.) wealthy (n.)
accurate (n.) royal (n.)
2 Choose some from Exercise 1 and use their proper from to complete the following sentences.
(1) Starting this year, an even greater number of volunteers will to making the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing a success.
(2)Madame Curie's of radium is considered a great contribution to the world of science.
(3)Whether to continue the project will depend on the by a group of experts.
(4)The boss of company had creative suggestions, which led to his business failure.
(5)No accurate map of Africa ___________at that time.
(6)The modern ___________of the studio cost the band a large sum of money.
(7)That lovely cottage by the seaside has been in the _________of their family for more than eighty years.
(8)Are you certain one of the top officials will the construction site of Three Gorges Dam?
3 Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases from the box, using their proper forms.
set sail in return treasure command royal ambassador
Born in 1371 in Yunnan province and brought up in a family originally from Central Asia, Zheng He heard many stories of travel through foreign lands in his youth. In 1385, the 14-year-old Zheng He was made a servant at the (1)______ palace of the man who later became the Emperor Yongle. Emperor Yongle ordered him tosail to “the countries the horizon" to demonstrate the power of the Ming count and collect all kinds of (2) __From foreign countries. Between 1405 and 1433, the treasure fleet (3) .across the Indian Ocean seven times. In all, at least 317 ships and 27,000 men were under his (4)_________.Zheng He's first stop was in what is a part of Vietnam today. He was surprised to find many Chinese living there. The ruler willingly offered presents to the Chinese emperor.(5)__________,Zheng He presented the ruler with many gifts .Things did not always go so well. The King of Ceylon showed no respect for the (6)______from China, so Zheng H e left the island quickly . Zheng He made several voyages during his lifetime and contributed greatly to the science of navigation in China.
Grammar
Review the Predicate
1Underling the predicate in each of the following sentences and explain what type of Predicate it is. (1)A team of scientists discovers an important ancient grave near the village of native people.
(2) I was reading a book about Marco Polo when you called.
(3)We can send robots equipped with cameras and other tools to do observations for us.
① equip…with… be equipped with…
My office is equipped with air-conditioning.
First, five factories that manufacture our products are equipped with dozens of computer-controlled robots that create high-quality products with incredible accuracy and efficiency.
I am well equipped for the job.
②
(4)After two years of hard work, the couple paid off their debt.
(5)The world map was a great puzzle to people of early civilizations.
(6) In the year 751, the Chinese traveller, Du Huan, was taken prisoner by the Arabic army
(7)A small bronze statue of a lion has been found in the Swahili town of Shanga. (8)He hopes to become a archaeologist. (9)You had better go now, or you will be late for the interview . .
(10) He is expected to be back from Shanghai next Monday.
2 Complete the passage with the proper form of the verbs in brackets.
For hundreds of years the Silk Road was the most important Central Asian trade route from the east to the west. The Tang Dynasty was probably the period when the routs was at its busiest. One important centre on the road (1)________(be) the city of Chang'an, where today's Xi’ an (2)____________(stand). Chang’an was the capital city during the Tang Dynasty and by about 750 AD it (3)___________(become) one of the largest cities in the city with a population of about two million people. Because of the good opportunities for trade, a large number of foreigners from countries near China (4)________(live) in the city.
The markets at that time in Chang’an were perhaps the most exciting markets anywhere in the world. They(5)_____________(sell) good from India, Africa, Japan,Korea, Turkey, Iran and other countries and many items on the markets(6)_________ never ___________(see)before. However, despite the desire to trade, which (7)___________(draw)people together, China was still a mysterious country to the outside world and the process of making silk(8)_________(remain) a secret.
1 Look at the title and read the first two paragraphs. Then answer the following questions.
(1)What is meant by the "third pole" in the text?
(2)Why does the writer call it the third pole?
(3)Which other mountains would be the third pole, and who are the pioneers of the third pole?
2 Explain the following phrases and sentences from the text in English.
(1)Going to Qomolangma was like going to the moon,_______________________
(2) the death zone _________________________________________________
(3)They had no idea what they were up against. ____________________________
(4) English air _____________________________________________________
3 Why does the author think climbing Mount Qomolangma remains one of man's greatest challenges, while it has already been climbed in 1953?
4 What evidence does the Chinese team have to prove that they really reached the summit of Mount Qomolangma?
Writing
What great sports have in commom with exploration is that they explore human possibilities. In both cases, the challenge lies in going past limits into new areas of achievement. Mountain climbing is a human activity that combines the characteristics of sports and exploring.When British explorers attempted to climb Moutain Qomolangma in he 1920s, they discussed whether taking oxygen should be allowed or not. Some thought climbing without oxygen would be impossible. Others argued that the use of oxygen make man’s struggle a mountain a scientific achievement, which had nothing to do with sports .They preferred to rely on the natural process of getting used to high altitude.
① rely on依靠，依赖，指望
The man is not to be relied on.
We must rely on our own efforts.
They rely heavily on us for help.
归纳拓展
rely on sb to do sth指望某人做某事，相信某人会做某事
rely on one’s doing sth指望某人做某事，相信某人会做某事
rely on it that…相信…, 指望….
You can rely on Peter to do what he promises.
I rely on her to pay back the money.
Don’t rely on my seeing you off.
We can’t rely on his coming in time.
You may rely it that he will come to meet you.你放心好了,他会来接你的。
②
Write an essay in which you compare the two viewpoints. Does the use of equipment spoil or lawyer the value of human achievement in sports and exploration? Find other example and arguments to persuade the reader of your point of view.
TIPS
Different reading styles
When reading English texts, you don't need to read every piece in the same way. Some texts can be skimmed only, for example newspaper articles, before deciding whether you want to read them or not. Novels are read for fun, so you want to read on without looking up aft words in a dictionary. But attention to grammar and all difficult words. article that contain many facts and a lot of information should be read carefully. You need to go deep into them and pay.